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Non-Aligned Movement

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an international organization (group of countries) who do not want to be officially aligned with or against any major power bloc (group of countries). In 2024, the movement had 121 members and 27 observers.[3]

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Map of the world indicating members and observers of the Non-Aligned Movement
     Member countries     Observer countries
Coordinating BureauNew York City, New York, U.S.
  • 121 members
  • 27 observers
Leaders
• Principal decision-
making organ
Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries[1]
• Chairperson
Yoweri Museveni
Establishment1961 in Belgrade
as the Conference of Heads of State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries
Website
mnoal.org

The group was started in Belgrade in 1961. It was created by Yugoslavia's President, Josip Broz Tito, India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, Egypt's second President, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah, and Indonesia's first President, Sukarno. All five leaders believed that developing countries should not help either the Western or Eastern blocs in the Cold War. They also believed that developing countries should not be Capitalist or Communist, but should try to find a different way to help their people.

The Havana Declaration of 1979 said that the purpose of the organization is to help countries keep their "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against Imperialism, Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics."[4] This means that they wanted to govern their countries without the main capitalist powers nor the major socialist states telling them how.

The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement are nearly two-thirds of the United Nations's members and 55% of the world population.

Secretaries-General

Between summits, the Non-Aligned Movement is run by the secretary-general elected at last summit meeting. As a considerable part of the movement's work is undertaken at the United Nations in New York, the chair country's ambassador to the UN is expected to devote time and effort to matters concerning the Non-Aligned Movement. The Coordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement's task forces, committees and working groups.[5]

Secretaries-General of the Non-Aligned Movement
Name Country Party From To
Josip Broz Tito   Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1961 1964
Gamal Abdel Nasser   United Arab Republic Arab Socialist Union 1964 1970
Kenneth Kaunda   Zambia United National Independence Party 1970 1973
Houari Boumediène   Algeria Revolutionary Council 1973 1976
William Gopallawa   Sri Lanka Independent 1976 1978
Junius Richard Jayewardene United National Party 1978 1979
Fidel Castro   Cuba Communist Party of Cuba 1979 1983
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy   India Janata Party 1983
Zail Singh Congress Party 1983 1986
Robert Mugabe   Zimbabwe ZANU-PF 1986 1989
Janez Drnovšek   Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1989 1990
Borisav Jović Socialist Party of Serbia 1990 1991
Stjepan (Stipe) Mesić Croatian Democratic Union 1991
Branko Kostić Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro 1991 1992
Dobrica Ćosić[source?] Independent 1992
Suharto   Indonesia Partai Golongan Karya 1992 1995
Ernesto Samper   Colombia Colombian Liberal Party 1995 1998
Andrés Pastrana Arango Colombian Conservative Party 1998
Nelson Mandela   South Africa African National Congress 1998 1999
Thabo Mbeki 1999 2003
Mahathir Mohamad   Malaysia United Malays National Organisation 2003
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 2003 2006
Fidel Castro[6]   Cuba Communist Party of Cuba 2006 2008
Raúl Castro 2008 2009
Hosni Mubarak   Egypt National Democratic Party 2009 2011
Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Independent 2011 2012
Mohamed Morsi Freedom and Justice Party 2012
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad   Iran Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran 2012 2013
Hassan Rouhani Combatant Clergy Association 2013 2016
Nicolás Maduro   Venezuela United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2016 2019
Ilham Aliyev   Azerbaijan New Azerbaijan Party 2019 2023

Members

Full Members[7]

 
Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2024). Light blue states have observer status.
  1.   Afghanistan
  2.   Algeria
  3.   Angola
  4.   Antigua and Barbuda
  5.   Azerbaijan
  6.   Bahamas
  7.   Bahrain
  8.   Bangladesh
  9.   Barbados
  10.   Belarus
  11.   Belize
  12.   Benin
  13.   Bhutan
  14.   Bolivia
  15.   Botswana
  16.   Brunei Darussalam
  17.   Burkina Faso
  18.   Burundi
  19.   Cape Verde
  20.   Cambodia
  21.   Cameroon
  22.   Central African Republic
  23.   Chad
  24.   Chile
  25.   Colombia
  26.   Comoros
  27.   Congo
  28.   Cuba
  29.   Democratic Republic of the Congo
  30.   Djibouti
  31.   Dominica
  32.   Dominican Republic
  33.   Ecuador
  34.   Egypt
  35.   Equatorial Guinea
  36.   Eritrea
  37.   Eswatini
  38.   Ethiopia
  39.   Fiji
  40.   Gabon
  41.   Gambia
  42.   Ghana
  43.   Grenada
  44.   Guatemala
  45.   Guinea
  46.   Guinea-Bissau
  47.   Guyana
  48.   Haiti
  49.   Honduras
  50.   India
  51.   Indonesia
  52.   Iran
  53.   Iraq
  54.   Ivory Coast
  55.   Jamaica
  56.   Jordan
  57.   Kenya
  58.   Kuwait
  59.   Laos
  60.   Lebanon
  61.   Lesotho
  62.   Liberia
  63.   Libya
  64.   Madagascar
  65.   Malawi
  66.   Malaysia
  67.   Maldives
  68.   Mali
  69.   Mauritania
  70.   Mauritius
  71.   Mongolia
  72.   Morocco
  73.   Mozambique
  74.   Myanmar
  75.   Namibia
  76.   Nepal
  77.   Nicaragua
  78.   Niger
  79.   Nigeria
  80.   North Korea
  81.   Oman
  82.   Pakistan
  83.   Palestine
  84.   Panama
  85.   Papua New Guinea
  86.   Peru
  87.   Philippines
  88.   Qatar
  89.   Rwanda
  90.   Saint Kitts and Nevis
  91.   Saint Lucia
  92.   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  93.   São Tomé and Príncipe
  94.   Saudi Arabia
  95.   Senegal
  96.   Seychelles
  97.   Sierra Leone
  98.   Singapore
  99.   Somalia
  100.   South Africa
  101.   South Sudan
  102.   Sri Lanka
  103.   Sudan
  104.   Suriname
  105.   Syria
  106.   Tanzania
  107.   Thailand
  108.   Timor-Leste
  109.   Togo
  110.   Trinidad and Tobago
  111.   Tunisia
  112.   Turkmenistan
  113.   Uganda
  114.   United Arab Emirates
  115.   Uzbekistan
  116.   Vanuatu
  117.   Venezuela
  118.   Vietnam
  119.   Yemen
  120.   Zambia
  121.   Zimbabwe

Former members

  1.   North Yemen (1961–1990)[8]
  2.   Cyprus (1961–2004)[9][10]
  3.   Yugoslavia (1961–1992)[11][12]
  4.   South Yemen (1970–1990)[8]
  5.   Malta (1973–2004)[10]
  6.   Argentina (1973–1991)[13][14]

Observers

The following countries and organizations have observer status:[15]

Countries

  1.   Argentina
  2.   Armenia
  3.   Bosnia and Herzegovina
  4.   Brazil
  5.   China
  6.   Costa Rica
  7.   Croatia
  8.   El Salvador
  9.   Kazakhstan
  10.   Kyrgyzstan
  11.   Mexico
  12.   Montenegro
  13.   Paraguay
  14.   Russia[16]
  15.   Serbia
  16.   Tajikistan
  17.   Ukraine
  18.   Uruguay
  19. Template:Country data Vatican

Organisations

  1. Association of Southeast Asian Nations
  2. African Union
  3. Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation
  4. Arab League
  5. Commonwealth Secretariat
  6. Hostosian National Independence Movement
  7. Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front
  8. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
  9. South Centre
  10. United Nations
  11. World Peace Council

Members have, at various times, included: Yugoslavia, Argentina, SWAPO, Cyprus, Poland, and Malta. Brazil has never been a formal member of the movement, but shares many of the aims of Non-Aligned Movement and frequently sends observers to the Non-Aligned Movement's summits. While many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the super powers, the movement still maintained surprising amounts of cohesion throughout the Cold War. Additionally, some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g., India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. While the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it.

Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thwart the Cold War,[17] it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended[18] in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. At the Summit of the Movement in Jakarta, Indonesia (September 1, 1992 – September 6, 1992) Yugoslavia was suspended or expelled from the Movement.[19] The successor states of the SFR Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though some have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union. Belarus remains the sole member of the Movement in Europe. Turkmenistan, Belarus and Dominican Republic are the most recent entrants. The application of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998. Serbia has been suspended since 1992 due to the Serbian Government's involvement in the Bosnian War (officially as the Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia at the time).[20]

Origins

The Non-Aligned movement was never established as a formal organization, but became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment" itself was coined by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru during his speech in 1954 in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations, which were first put forth by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Called Panchsheel (five restraints), these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were:

  • Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
  • Mutual non-aggression
  • Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
  • Equality and mutual benefit
  • Peaceful co-existence

A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement. The attending nations declared their desire not to become involved in the Cold War and adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which included Nehru's five principles. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.[21] The term non aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement.[22]

At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries.[17]

The founding fathers of the Non-aligned movement were: Sukarno of Indonesia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, and Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as 'The Initiative of Five'.

Organizational structure and membership

The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure.[1] Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology[23] The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is the "highest decision making authority". The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit.[23]

Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations. The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten "Bandung principles":[23]

  • Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
  • Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
  • Recognition of the movements for national independence.
  • Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations, large and small.
  • Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country.
  • Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
  • Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.
  • Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
  • Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation.
  • Respect for justice and international obligations.

Policies and ideology

Secretaries General of the NAM had included such diverse figures as Suharto, an authoritarian anti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its commitment to world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as "history's biggest peace movement".[24] The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament. NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament.[24]

The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved. Many of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations and both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet successes that the NAM has had in multilateral agreements tends to be ignored by the larger, western and developed nation dominated UN.[25] African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine[25] and success of multilateral cooperation in these areas has been a stamp of moderate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid regimes and support of liberation movements in various locations including Zimbabwe and South Africa. The support of these sorts of movements stems from a belief that every state has the right to base policies and practices with national interests in mind and not as a result of relations to a particular power bloc. The Non-Aligned Movement has become a voice of support for issues facing developing nations and is still contains ideals that are legitimate within this context.

Role after the Cold War

Since the end of the Cold War and the formal end of colonialism, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system. A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrument that can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states,[26] but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions.[27] The movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the world’s poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world,[28] and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs, and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalisation and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security.[29]

Current activities and positions

Criticism of US policy

In recent years the US has become a target of the organisation. The US invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced as human rights violations and attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations.[30] The movement’s leaders have also criticised the American control over the United Nations and other international structures.

Self-determination of Puerto Rico

Since 1961, the group have supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico's self-determination before the United Nations. A resolution on the matter will be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement.[31]

Self-determination of Western Sahara

Since 1973, the group have supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara's self-determination before the United Nations.[32] The Non-Aligned Movement reaffirmed in its last meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parts, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue.[33]

Sustainable development

The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state. Issues such as globalisation, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionalities, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development.[34]

Reforms of the UN

The Non-Aligned Movement has been quite outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, mostly in how the organisation has been utilised by powerful states in ways that violate the movement’s principles. It has made a number of recommendations that would strengthen the representation and power of ‘non-aligned’ states. The proposed reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. The UN Security Council is the element considered the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping.[35]

South-south cooperation

Lately the Non-Aligned Movement has collaborated with other organisations of the developing world, primarily the Group of 77, forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and document representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political clout.

Cultural diversity and human rights

The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation. In line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region.[36]

Working groups, task forces, committees[37]
  • High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations
  • Working Group on Human Rights
  • Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations
  • Working Group on Disarmament
  • Committee on Palestine
  • Task Force on Somalia
  • Non-Aligned Security Caucus
  • Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation
  • Joint Coordinating Committee (chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM)

Summits

The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Alligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Alligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years:

  1.   Belgrade, September 1–6, 1961
  2.   Cairo, October 5–10, 1964
  3.   Lusaka, September 8–10, 1970
  4.   Algiers, September 5–9, 1973
  5.   Colombo, August 16–19, 1976
  6.   Havana, September 3–9, 1979
  7.   New Delhi (originally planned for Baghdad), March 7–12, 1983
  8.   Harare, September 1–6, 1986
  9.   Belgrade, September 4–7, 1989
  10.   Jakarta, September 1–6, 1992
  11.   Cartagena de Indias, October 18–20, 1995
  12.   Durban, September 2–3, 1998
  13.   Kuala Lumpur, February 20–25, 2003
  14.   Havana, September 15–16, 2006
  15.   Sharm El Sheikh, July 11–16, 2009
  16.   Isfahan, August 26–31, 2012[38]
  17.   Porlamar, September 13–18, 2016
  18.   Baku, October 25–26, 2019

A ministerial meeting takes place in between the conferences of Heads of State and Government in a country which is not the chair of the movement. The 2011 meeting is on Bali, Indonesia in May 2011.[38]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information". Government of Zaire. 21 September 2001. Archived from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  2. ↑ "NAM Members & Observers" Archived 2014-02-08 at the Wayback Machine. 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Tehran, 26–31 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  3. ↑ "NAM Members & Observers". Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  4. ↑ Fidel Castro speech to the UN in his position as chairman of the non-aligned countries movement 12 October 1979 Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine; Pakistan & Non-Aligned Movement Archived 2006-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, Board of Investment - Government of Pakistan, 2003
  5. ↑ "NAM Structure". Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  6. ↑ Fidel Castro, having recently undergone gastric surgery, was unable to attend the conference and was represented by his younger brother, Cuba's acting president Raúl Castro. See "Castro elected President of Non-Aligned Movement Nations", People's Daily, 16-09-2006.
  7. ↑ "Members and Observers" (PDF). Azerbaijani Chairmanship to the Non-Aligned Movement. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bühler, Konrad (2001). State Succession and Membership in International Organizations. Martinus Nijhoff Publisher. ISBN 9041115536.
  9. ↑ "Cyprus and the Non – Aligned Movement". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Cyprus. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "XIV Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement". South Africa Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  11. ↑ "Final Document of the 7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement -(New Delhi Declaration)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  12. ↑ Kin, Lai Kwok (2 September 1992). "Yugoslavia Casts Shadow over Non-Aligned Summit". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/yugoslavia-casts-shadow-over-nonaligned-summit-1548802.html. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 
  13. ↑ Indira Gandhi (6 September 1973). Address of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (PDF). New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  14. ↑ "Argentina Withdraws from Non-Aligned Movement". Associated Press. 20 September 1991. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  15. ↑ Member and Observer Countries Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine, Non-Aligned Movement
  16. ↑ "Russia receives observer status in Non-Aligned Movement". TASS. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Suvedi, Suryaprasada (1996). Land and Maritime Zones of Peace in International Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 169–170. ISBN 0198260962.
  18. ↑ "NAM Member States". Archived from the original on 2010-12-09. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
  19. ↑ Lai Kwon Kin (September 2, 1992). "Yugoslavia casts shadow over non-aligned summit". The Independent @ Independent.co.uk. Independent News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2009-09-26. Iran and several other Muslim nations want the rump state of Yugoslavia kicked out, saying it no longer represents the country which helped to found the movement.
  20. ↑ Najam, Adil (2003). "Chapter 9: The Collective South in Multinational Environmental Politics". In Nagel, Stuard (ed.). Policymaking and prosperity: a multinational anthology. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. p. 233. ISBN 0-7391-0460-8. Retrieved 2009-11-10. Turkmenistan, Belarus and Dominican Republic are the most recent entrants. The application of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998. Yugoslavia has been suspended since 1992.
  21. ↑ "Belgrade declaration of non-aligned countries" (PDF). Egyptian presidency website. 6 September 1961. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  22. ↑ "Fifth conference of heads of state or Government of non-aligned nations" (PDF). Egyptian presidency website. 6 September 1961. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Meeting of the Ministerial Committee on Methodology of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries, Caratagena de Indias, May 14-16, 1996". Head of State and Government of the Non-Alligned Countries. Government of Zaire. 16 May 1996. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Ohlson, Thomas; Stockholm (1988). Arms Transfer Limitations and Third World Security. Oxford University Press. p. 198. ISBN 0198291248.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Morphet, Sally. “Multilateralism and the Non-Aligned Movement: What Is the Global South Doing and Where Is It Going?” Global Governance 10 (2004), 517–537
  26. ↑ http://www.ipsterraviva.net/TV/Noal/en/default.asp Archived 2012-04-12 at the Wayback Machine. See "Putting Differences Aside," Daria Acosta, September 18, 2006.
  27. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2798187.stm#facts. BBC Profile, BBC News, January 30, 2008.
  28. ↑ http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/chap1.htm Archived 2015-12-19 at the Wayback Machine. See no. 10-11 in Durban Summit 'Final Document.'
  29. ↑ http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/chap1.htm Archived 2015-12-19 at the Wayback Machine. See no.16-22 in Durban Summit 'Final Document.'
  30. ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/09/16/nonalign.html. "Non-aligned nations slam U.S.," CBC News, September 16, 2006.
  31. ↑ Cooperativa.cl. "No Alineados preparan apoyo a la libre determinación de Puerto Rico". Cooperativa.cl.
  32. ↑ "3162 (XXVIII) Question of Spanish Sahara. U.N. General assembly 28th session, 1973" (PDF).
  33. ↑ XV Summit of heads of state and government of the Non Aligned Movement - Final Document. Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt.16-04-2009. Archived 2012-08-17 at the Wayback Machine See points 237, 238 & 239.
  34. ↑ http://espana.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html Archived 2012-03-09 at the Wayback Machine. See "Statement on the implementation of the Right to Development," January 7, 2008.
  35. ↑ http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/chap1.htm Archived 2015-12-19 at the Wayback Machine. See no.55 in Durban Summit 'Final Document.'
  36. ↑ http://espana.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html Archived 2012-03-09 at the Wayback Machine. See "Declaration on the occasion of celebrating Human Rights Day."
  37. ↑ http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#2.4 Archived 2016-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. NAM background information.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Indonesia to Host NAM Ministerial Meeting". CRIEnglish.com. 13 May 2011. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.

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