Haiti
Haiti (Haitian Creole: Ayiti; French: Haïti), officially the Republic of Haiti (Haitian Creole: Repiblik d Ayiti; French: République d'Haïti) is a country on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. The other country on the island is the Dominican Republic. Haiti has two official languages: French and Haitian Creole, or "Kreyol", which is a simple version of French mixed with African languages. Its capital city is Port-au-Prince.
Republic of Haiti
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| Anthem: | |
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| Capital and largest city | Port-au-Prince 18°32′N 72°20′W / 18.533°N 72.333°W |
| Official languages | |
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| Ethnic groups | 95% black 5% mixed and white[3] |
| Demonym(s) | Haitian |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic under a totalitarian dictatorship |
| Edgard Leblanc Fils (Chairman) Fritz Jean Laurent St Cyr Emmanuel Vertilaire Smith Augustin Leslie Voltaire Louis Gérald Gilles | |
| Garry Conille | |
| Legislature | Parliament |
| Senate | |
| Chamber of Deputies | |
| Independence from France | |
• Declared | January 1, 1804 |
• Recognized | April 17, 1825 |
| September 22, 1804 | |
| March 9, 1806 | |
| October 17, 1806 | |
• Kingdom | March 28, 1811 |
| February 9, 1822 | |
• Dissolution | February 27, 1844 |
| August 26, 1849 | |
• Republic | January 15, 1859 |
| March 29, 1987 | |
| Area | |
• Total | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1850: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). (143rd) |
• Water (%) | 0.7 |
| Population | |
• 2003 census |  7,929,038 hab (72nd) |
• Density | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1850: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). (32nd) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2017 estimate |
• Total | $19.979 billion[4] (144th) |
• Per capita | $1,819[4] (174th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2017 estimate |
• Total | $7.897 billion[4] (139th) |
• Per capita | $719[4] (172nd) |
| Gini (2012) | 60.8[5] very high |
| HDI (2015) |  0.493[6]low · 163rd |
| Currency | Haitian gourde (G) (HTG) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +509 |
| ISO 3166 code | HT |
| Internet TLD | .ht |
Haiti has a tropical climate. In French, the country is called "La Perle des Antilles" (The pearl of the Antilles), because of its natural beauty. There are many mountains in Haiti. The country used to be covered with forests. However, it no longer is, because of deforestation. It is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere.
Haiti is divided into ten departements. The main religion is Roman Catholicism. However, many Haitians also practice Voodoo. This is a religion which came from African folk beliefs in Benin. Haiti has many holidays; the largest and most important is the Mardi Gras.
Geography
Haiti has a total area of 27,750 km². Most of it is in the western third of the Hispaniola island. There are also smaller islands near the Haitian coast, like Gonâve, Île de la Tortue, Les Cayemites, Île-à-Vache and La Navase.
Haiti has many mountains. There are only some coastal plains and few valleys. The largest valley is the Cul-de-Sac. Port-au-Prince is in the western end of this valley. The country's main river is the Artibonite, which is also the longest in Hispaniola. Haiti's biggest city is Port-au-Prince, with more than 3 million people in its metropolitan area. The second largest city is Cap-Haïtien.
Haiti has a tropical climate. The rainy season lasts from April to June, and from October to November. Hurricanes are common during summer. In the past, hurricanes have caused a lot of damage and killed many people.
History
The Taino people were a tribe of Arawak Amerindians. They lived on the island of Hispaniola before Christopher Columbus found the island and started a Spanish colony there. Columbus found the island of Hispaniola on his first trip to the Americas.[7] Within twenty-five years after Columbus arrived, all of the Arawaks had been killed by Spanish conquistadors.
In the early 17th century, the French set up a colony on Hispaniola. In 1697, Spain sold the western third of the island - Haiti - to the French. The French colony[8] was based on forestry and making sugar. It became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean. However, to do this, the colony brought many slaves over from Africa and destroyed much of the environment.
By the late 18th century, there were nearly half a million slaves in Haiti. They revolted, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. After a hard and bloody struggle, they won their independence. In 1804, Haiti became the first independent black republic in the world.[9] Today there are many monuments in Haiti remembering the Haitian Revolution. One of the largest is La Citadelle Laferriere.
On January 12, 2010, in the afternoon of a Tuesday, Haiti was struck by a magnitude-7.0 earthquake. This was the worst earthquake to hit the country in the past 200 years.[10] The quake's epicenter was just outside the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince.[11] The quake caused major damage to Port-au-Prince and nearby areas. Over 200,000 people were thought to have been killed, but it was hard to be sure because many people were buried in mass graves before they could be identified.[12]
Departments
Haiti is made of ten regions known as departments (French: départments, singular départment). These departments are further divided into 41 arrondissements, and 133 communes. These are the second and third level units of administration.
The 10 departments, with their capital cities in parentheses, are:
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- Artibonite (Gonaïves)
- Centre (Hinche)
- Grand'Anse (Jérémie)
- Nippes (Miragoâne)
- Nord (Cap-Haïtien)
- Nord-Est (Fort-Liberté)
- Nord-Ouest (Port-de-Paix)
- Ouest (Port-au-Prince) *national capital*
- Sud-Est (Jacmel)
- Sud (Les Cayes)
Politics
The Republic of Haiti is divided into 10 departments, but the central government has control over most political affairs. The president is head of state and is normally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The president cannot serve consecutive terms. However, because of inconclusive election results in 2015, Haiti's current interim president was elected by the legislature. The prime minister is head of government and is appointed by the president and confirmed by the bicameral National Assembly. The National Assembly's upper house is the 30-seat Senate, and the lower house is the 118-seat Chamber of Deputies. Members of both houses are elected through a majoritarian system. Senators serve six-year terms and deputies serve four-year terms. There have been efforts toward constitutional reform to ensure that more women are represented in politics on the national level, but these reforms have not yet resulted in concrete changes.
Holidays
Official holidays (on the same day every year)
- 1 January: Jour de l'Indépendance ("Independence Day")
- 2 January: Jour des Aïeux ("Ancestors' Day")
- 1 May: Fête de l'Agriculture et du Travail ("Agriculture and Labor Day")
- 18 May: Fête du Drapeau et de l'Université ("Flag and University Day")
- 17 October: Anniversary of the Death of Jean-Jacques Dessalines
- 1 November: All Saint's Day
- 2 November: All Soul's Day
- 18 November: Battle of Vertières' Day and Armed Forces Day
- 25 December: Christmas Day
Traditional and religious holidays (dates vary according to the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church)
- Carnival (Only Mardi Gras is an official holiday)
- Good Friday
- Corpus Christi
Economy
Haiti is the least developed country in the Americas. It is also one of the least developed and poorest countries in the world.
There are indicators that can be used to compare social and economic situations between countries. Some indicators show that Haiti has fallen behind other poor developing countries since the 1980s. In 2006, Haiti ranked 146th of 177 countries in the United Nations Human Development Index (2006). About 90% of the Haitian people were living in poverty in 2003.[13] Haiti is the only country in the Americas on the United Nations list of Least Developed Countries and it is the poorest country in the Americas. The economy was staying even or falling behind even before their big earthquake.
About 66% of all Haitians work in agriculture. Most of them do small-scale subsistence farming[14] (meaning that they are able to grow just enough to survive). This does not bring in much money.
Very few jobs were created in the last ten years. However, the informal economy is growing. Mangoes and coffee are two of Haiti's most important exports.[14] Haiti has consistently ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world on the Corruption Perceptions Index.
About one third of the national government's budget is money given to them by other countries. The United States gives the most money. Canada gives the second largest amount of money. The European Union, Venezuela and Cuba also give and help Haiti's economy in different ways. Haiti has renewed its alliances with Venezuela and Cuba in 2006 and 2007.
From 2001 to 2004, the United States stopped giving aid to Haiti completely. The aid was cut off after Haiti's 2000 election. The election's results were questioned, and President Aristide was accused of cheating to win the election. Aristide was overthrown in 2004. After that, the United States started giving aid to Haiti again. The United Nations led a peacekeeping operation called the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti. (The Mission is called called MINUSTAH in Haiti; this is an acronym for the Mission's name in French). The Brazilian army led the peacekeeping operation.
Even after President Aristide was overthrown, corruption continued to be very common in Haiti.[15][16]
Haiti has a large amount of foreign debt (money owed to other countries and international institutions to repay loans). The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program planned to forgive about $525 million of Haiti's debt by mid-2009.[17]
Demographics
In 2009, the population of Haiti (the number of people living in the country) was about 10,090,190. Figures from the DNA Nationwide Studies Institute say that the racial makeup of the population is:
- 94.2%: Black (Descendants mainly from the Fon, Ewe, Yoruba, and Bantu tribes of West/Central Africa)
- 5.4%: Mulatto (European and African descent).
- 0.4%: White (mainly of French, Polish, and Arab origin)
Some East Asians also live in the country.
| DNA estimates of Haiti | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnicity | % approx. | |||
| Black | 94% | |||
| Mulatto | 5% | |||
| White | 1% | |||
Haiti Media
"La Dessalinienne" performed instrumentally by the United States Navy Band circa 2003.
Map of Haiti and the neighboring countries
The five caciquedoms of Hispaniola at the time of the arrival of Christopher Columbus
Artist's impression of Christopher Columbus landing on Hispaniola, engraving by Theodor de Bry
General Toussaint Louverture
Battle between Polish troops in French service and the Haitian rebels. The majority of Polish soldiers eventually deserted the French army and fought alongside the Haitians.
Pétion and Dessalines swearing allegiance to each other before God; painting by Guillon-Lethière
Related pages
References
- ↑ "Article 4 of the Constitution". Haiti-reference.com. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ↑ "After The Group Of G8, Now Come G30 Headed By Louko Desir". Haiti Observer. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ↑ "Haiti". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Haiti". International Monetary Fund.
- ↑ "Gini Index". The World Bank. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
- ↑ "2016 Human Development Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ "Hispaniola - Columbus". Yale University. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ "The Haitian Debacle: Yellow Fever and the Fate of the French" Montana State University; Retrieved January 14, 2010
- ↑ "Haitians", University of Louisiana
- ↑ "Magnitude 7.0 – Haiti Region". Archived from the original on January 15, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ↑ "Major earthquake off Haiti causes hospital to collapse – Telegraph". telegraph.co.uk. 12 January 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ↑ "Haiti says 200,000 may be dead, violence breaks out - Reuters". reuters.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
- ↑ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Haiti". Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "CIA - The World Factbook – Haiti". United States. 2008-03-20. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ↑ "2006 Corruption Perceptions Index reinforces link between poverty and corruption". Transparency International. November 6, 2006. Archived from the original on November 7, 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
- ↑ "Hoping for change in Haiti's Cité-Soleil". International Red Cross. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
- ↑ "CIA World Fact Book". Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2008-01-20.