Western civilization
Western civilization, western culture or the West is made up of European culturally derived societies (most notably in the Hellenic and in the Classical Roman heritage, Western Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism), Democracy and Liberalism). This at least includes Western and Central Europe, English speaking North America, Australia and New Zealand. The identities of places such as Latin America, South Africa, Israel, the Philippines and Singapore are disputed due to those countries being a blend of both western and non western cultures.
It generally refers to the classical era cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Those cultures grew bigger across places around the Mediterranean sea and Europe. In modern times, they later grew bigger around the world mostly through colonization and globalization.[1]
Until the 17th century, Western civilization was also called Christendom meaning the area where the Christian religion is in the majority (a view held by historian Arnold Toynbee).[2] By this definition, most parts of Africa would now also be part of Western civilization since many Africans have been converted to Christianity since the 1950s.
Westernization is the transformation of a non western culture to Western standards, with historical examples being the Romanization of "barbarian" Europe in the classical period, the Hispanization of South America, Central America and the Philippines in the 1500s, the Anglicization of North America and Australia in the 1700s, the Francization of North and West Africa in the 1800s and the current Americanization of many first world nations such as Singapore and Israel through Hollywood, pop music, and American popular culture.
There are many supporters of westernization, and many who oppose its expanding at the expense of local cultures.
Western Civilization Media
Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise De architectura.
Kristus i Getsemane (1873), an angel comforting Jesus Christ before his arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane, by Carl Heinrich Bloch.
Portrait of Alexander the Great. Marble, Hellenistic artwork, 2nd-1st century BC. Said to be from Alexandria, Egypt.
The Maison Carrée in Nîmes, one of the best-preserved Roman temples
The Roman Empire (red) and its client states (pink) at its greatest extent in 117 AD under emperor Trajan
The Roman Empire in 330. The area in red shows the zone of influence of the Latin West, while the area in blue shows the eastern Greek part.
Mosaic of Justinian I with his court, circa 547–549, Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna, Italy)
Two main symbols of the medieval Western civilization on one picture: the gothic St. Martin's cathedral in Spišské Podhradie (Slovakia) and the Spiš Castle behind the cathedral
Stone bas-relief of Jesus, from the Vézelay Abbey (Burgundy, France)
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Related pages
References
- ↑ Hanson, Victor Davis. Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power (in en) (2007-12-18)Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.
- ↑ Toynbee, Arnold 1959. A study of history. Volume XI—Historical Atlas and Gazetteer. Oxford University Press. Map, page 93 “Civilization current in AD 1952” – Western civilization is shown as including the Americas, Europe, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines.
