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Wrangel Island

Location of Wrangel Island
Wrangel Island
Not to be confused with Wrangell Island in Alaska, USA

Wrangel Island (Russian: о́стров Вра́нгеля) is a small island in the Arctic Ocean belonging to Russia. It lies between the Chukchi Sea and East Siberian Sea. Wrangel Island lies across the 180° meridian. The International Date Line is displaced eastwards at this latitude to avoid the island and the Chukchi Peninsula on the Russian mainland. It is roughly 7,500 square kilometres (2,900 sq mi) in area. The closest land to Wrangel Island is tiny and rocky Herald Island located 60 km (37 mi) to the east.[1] The distance to the closest point on the Siberian mainland is 140 km (87 mi).[2] Wrangel Island may have been the last place on earth where Woolly Mammoth survived. It is home to many arctic animals including polar bears. Since 1976 it has been a nature reserve.

History

Baron Ferdinand von Wrangel (1796–1870) was a German explorer and seaman in the service of the Russian Empire.[3] He noticed birds flying north near the Kolyma river. From this he correctly deduced there was an island in the Arctic ocean.[3] He searched for the island in the 1820s but never found it.[4]

In 1881 an American steamship, the Thomas L. Corwin, searching for a lost expedition found themselves off Wrangel island.[5] They searched the island for survivors but found none. They raised an American flag on the and claimed it for the United States.[5] They named it "New Columbia", but the name never stuck.[5] Nothing was done about the discovery for the next 30 years.

In 1913, Vilhjalmur Stefansson led a large expedition to discover a lost continent he believed was under the Arctic ice cap.[6] They sailed from Victoria, British Columbia on June 17, 1913. Six weeks later their ship was caught in the ice. Stefansson and several companions left the expedition and returned to safety. When the ship was crushed, the crew set up camp on the ice.[6] In March of 1914, Captain Bartlett led what was left of his crew 80 miles across the ice to Wrangel Island.[7] Twelve survivors were picked up by a small whaling schooner in September of 1914.[7]

In 1921, Stefansson claimed Wrangel island for Canada.[8] An expedition from Canada to colonize the island failed. By 1926 Russia re-established their claim to the island by setting up a colony there.[8] Eventually the colonists returned to the mainland leaving the island deserted.

In 1976 the Soviet Union declared the island a zapovednika, a federally protected nature reserve. In English it is called the Wrangel Island Nature Reserve. It protects large colonies of snow geese, polar bears, and walrus that live here. Only official Russian government personnel and invited guests can visit the reserve.[9]

Galápagos of the far north

Wrangel island was never covered by glaciers during the last ice ages and it was never covered by water when the ice retreated.[5] The soil and plants on Wrangel have been undisturbed by time. The interior valleys are mainly ancient Pleistocene tundra.[5] They boast over 400 unique plant species.[10]

Wildlife

Even though it is a very harsh climate Wrangel island has a large and diverse wildlife population. It is the world's largest Polar Bear denning ground.[5] There are about 400 female bears who raise their young here.[5] It has the world's largest population of Pacific Walrus.[10] The island has large populations of Snow Geese, Snowy Owls, seals, Arctic wolves, Arctic fox and lemmings.[11] One thing the island seems to be missing is mosquitoes.[5]

Woolly Mammoths

Wrangel island may have been the last place Woolly Mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) existed before becoming extinct.[4] The island is littered with mammoth tusks. A population of mammoths existed here some 6,000 years after they went extinct on the mainland.[12] They survived until about 1650 BCE.[12] Archaeological evidence on the island shows them to be a smaller subspecies, Mammuth primigenius wrangelensis.[4]

Wrangel Island Media

  • A topographical map of Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean

  • True colour MODIS photograph of Wrangel Island, taken in June 2001

  • Polar bear on Wrangel Island

  • Arctic tundra on Wrangel Island

  • Woolly mammoth and muskox remains displayed on Wrangel Island, where mammoths survived until 4,000 years ago

  • Map of Eastern Siberia with "Tikigen" Land (1825)

  • Sketch of Wrangel Island as it appeared from the top of Herald Island, 1881

  • Map of Wrangel Island produced by the USS Rodgers Survey, as reproduced in John Muir's Cruise of the Corwin

  • Txu-oclc-6654394-nr-59-60-2nd-ed

References

  1. ↑ M.K. Kos'ko; M.P. Cecile; J.C. Harrison; et al., Geology of Wrangel Island Between Chukchi and East Siberian Seas, Northeastern Russia, Bulletin 461 (Ottawa Ontario: Geological Survey of Canada, 1993), p. 101
  2. ↑ S.L. Vartanyan; K.A. Arslanov; T.V. Tertychnaya; et al., 'Radiocarbon Dating Evidence for Mammoths on Wrangel Island, Arctic Ocean, until 2000 BC', Radiocarbon, Vol 37, Issue 1 (1995), pp. 1–6
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lutz D. Schmadel, Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (Berlin; New York: Springer, 2012), p. 1194
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Siberian Rusty: Russia's Despoiled Wrangel Island". TotallyHer Media, LLC/Evolve Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Hampton Sides (May 2013). "Wrangel Island". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jennifer Niven (17 May 2013). "Exploring the Ghosts of Wrangel Island". The National Geographic Society. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "The International Meridian Conference (1884) and Afterwards". Utrecht University. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  9. ↑ Adventure Travel Trade Association (12 May 2014). "Wrangel Island – Visit A Polar Bear Sanctuary at the Top of the World". Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Wrangel Island: Across the Top of the World 17 August 2015". Heritage Expeditions New Zealand Ltd. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  11. ↑ "Snow Geese and Wildlife of Russia's Wrangel Island". Eastside Audubon. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Alasdair Wilkins (25 March 2012). "The last mammoths died out just 3600 years ago...but they should have survived". io9. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
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