Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)
Alexandra Feodorovna (Russian: Александра Фёдоровна; born Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, 6 June 1872 – 17 July 1918) was the last Empress of Russia from 1894 to March 1917 as the wife of Emperor Nicholas II. After she and her family were all murdered in the Russian Revolution, she was canonized as a passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church.
| Alexandra Feodorovna | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Photograph by Boasson and Eggler, 1908 | |||||
| Empress consort of Russia | |||||
| 26 November 1894 – 15 March 1917 | |||||
| Coronation | 26 May 1896 | ||||
| Predecessor | Maria Feodorovna | ||||
| Successor | Monarchy abolished | ||||
| Born | Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine 6 June [O.S. 25 May] 1872 New Palace, Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse, German Empire | ||||
| Died | 17 July 1918 (aged 46) Ipatiev House, Yekaterinburg, Russian SFSR | ||||
| Cause of death | Execution by firing squad | ||||
| Burial | 17 July 1998 | ||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue | |||||
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| House | Hesse-Darmstadt | ||||
| Father | Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine | ||||
| Mother | Princess Alice of the United Kingdom | ||||
| Religion | Russian Orthodox prev. Lutheranism | ||||
| Signature |  | ||||
Early life
Alexandra Feodorovna was born Princess Alix Viktoria Helene Luise Beatrix in Darmstadt, Hesse and by Rhine. That area was a part of the German Empire at the time. Her father was Grand Duke Louis IV. Her mother was the former Princess Alice, the second daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
In November 1878, diphtheria swept through Hesse. Alix, her sisters, Irene and May and brother, Ernst were infected by the disease. Her sister, May, died shortly before the end of the month but the others got better. Alix's mother became sick after caring for Ernie when he came down with the disease. Princess Alice died on December 14, 1878. Princess Alix became very close to her maternal grandmother. She was often thought to be Victoria's favourite granddaughter. Because of this, Alix spent many of her early years in the United Kingdom. In 1892 when she was twenty, her father died, and her brother, Ernst, became the Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.
Marriage
When she grew up, Alix was a beautiful woman, with reddish-blonde hair, high cheek bones, pale skin, dark blue eyes, and long dark eyelashes. Alix was married relatively late for a princess in those times. She had already refused to marry Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence (the eldest son of the Prince of Wales), even though her family wanted her to marry him. She had, however, already met a relative by marriage, the Tsesarevich of Russia. His uncle Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich was married to Alix's sister Elizabeth.
At first, Nicholas' father, Tsar Alexander III, told them they could not get married. He later changed his mind as his health began get bad. Alix did not like the need that she had to turn away from her Lutheran faith. The Russian Tsarina had to be an Orthodox. She later changed her mind and in time became a strong convert to the faith. She and Nicholas became engaged in April 1894. Alexander III died in November of that year, and Nicholas became Tsar of Russia at the age of twenty-six. The couple were married 14 November 1894.
Execution of the Royal family
The Tsar and Tsarina and all of their family, along with several family servants, were executed early in the morning during the night of July 17, 1918, by a detachment of Bolsheviks led by Yakov Yurovsky. Alexandra watched the murder of her husband and two servants before Peter Ermakov killed her with a gun shot to the left side of her head before she could finish making the sign of the cross. Ermakov, in a drunken haze, stabbed her dead body and that of her husband's, shattering both their rib cages.
Identification and burial
| Saint Alexandra Romanova of Russia | |
|---|---|
| Saint, Passion-Bearer, Tsaritsa | |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Canonized |
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| Major shrine | Church on Blood, Yekaterinburg, Russia |
| Feast | 17 July |
After the execution of the Romanov family, Alexandra's body, along with Nicholas, their children and some servants who died with them, was stripped and the clothing burnt. At first, the bodies were thrown down an unused mine shaft, 12 miles north of Yekaterinburg. A short time later they were retrieved. Their faces and bodies were badly damaged so they could not be recognized. All of the bodies except for two of the children were later buried again. The bodies missing are believed to be those of a daughter- Maria or Anastasia- and Alexis. In the early 1990s, after the fall of the Soviet Union, what is believed to be the bodies of most of the family were found and identified.
Titles
- 6 June 1872 – 26 November 1894: Her Grand Ducal Highness Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine
- 1 November 1894 – 26 November 1894: Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia (created prior to marriage)
- 26 November 1894 – 15 March 1917: Her Imperial Majesty Tsaritsa Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of Russia.
- 15 March 1917 - July 17/18 1918: Her Grand Ducal Highness Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine
Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix Of Hesse) Media
Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine when she was a child
Princess Alix of Hesse, lower right, with her grandmother Queen Victoria and her four older siblings in mourning after the deaths of her mother and sister. January 1879
Princess Alix when she was 15
Alix of Hesse (center) with her siblings, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, Victoria of Hesse, Irene of Hesse, and Elisabeth Feodorovna (née Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine), in mourning for their father's death, 1892
Alix of Hesse, the later Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna
Tsar Nicholas II, in hussar uniform, and Princess Alix of Hesse in an official engagement photograph, 1894
Portrait by Laurits Tuxen of the wedding of Tsar Nicholas II and the Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt, which took place at the Chapel of the Winter Palace, St Petersburg, on 14/26 November 1894.
Lesser arms of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna
The Russian imperial family, 1913. Left to right: Grand Duchess Maria, Tsarina Alexandra, Grand Duchesses Olga and Tatiana, Tsar Nicholas, and Grand Duchess Anastasia. Tsesarevich Alexei sits in front of his parents.
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References
- ↑ Weir, Alison (2011). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (reprint ed.). Random House. p. 307. ISBN 978-0099539735.
Other websites
- (in Russian) The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family Archived 2007-03-22 at the Wayback Machine, Nicolay Sokolov. Investigation of murder of the Romanov Imperial Family in 1918.
- FrozenTears.org, A media library on the Last Imperial Family.
- God in All Things, the Religious Beliefs of Russia's Last Empress by Janet Ashton.
- Marriage Ceremony of Nicholas and Alexandra.
- Nicholas and Alexandra Exhibition.
- Hemophilia A (Factor VIII Deficiency)
- A short biography of the Alexandra