Apollo 11
Apollo 11 was the first flight to send people to the moon. It was done by NASA, the American space group. It went up to space on July 16, 1969, carrying three astronauts: Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins. On July 20, 1969, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to land on the moon, while Collins stayed in orbit around the Moon.
 Buzz Aldrin poses on the Moon, allowing Neil Armstrong to photograph both of them using the visor's reflection. | |
| Mission type | Crewed lunar landing |
|---|---|
| Operator | NASA |
| COSPAR ID |
|
| SATCAT no. |
|
| Mission duration | 8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, 35 seconds |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft |
|
| Manufacturer |
|
| Launch mass | 100,756 pounds (45,702 kg) |
| Landing mass | 10,873 pounds (4,932 kg) |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 3 |
| Members | |
| Callsign |
|
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | July 16, 1969, 13:32:00 UTC |
| Rocket | Saturn V SA-506 |
| Launch site | Kennedy Space Center LC-39A |
| End of mission | |
| Recovered by | USS Hornet |
| Landing date | July 24, 1969, 16:50:35 UTC |
| Landing site | North Pacific Ocean 13°19′N 169°9′W / 13.317°N 169.150°W |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Selenocentric |
| Pericynthion | 100.9 kilometers (54.5 nmi)[1] |
| Apocynthion | 122.4 kilometers (66.1 nmi)[1] |
| Inclination | 1.25 degrees[1] |
| Period | 2 hours[1] |
| Epoch | July 19, 1969, 21:44 UTC[1] |
| Lunar orbiter | |
| Spacecraft component | Command and service module |
| Orbital insertion | July 19, 1969, 17:21:50 UTC[2] |
| Orbital departure | July 22, 1969, 04:55:42 UTC[3] |
| Orbits | 30 |
| Lunar lander | |
| Spacecraft component | Apollo Lunar Module |
| Landing date | July 20, 1969, 20:17:40 UTC |
| Return launch | July 21, 1969, 17:54 UTC |
| Landing site | Mare Tranquillitatis Template:Lunar coords and quad cat[4] |
| Sample mass | 21.55 kilograms (47.51 lb) |
| Surface EVAs | 1 |
| EVA duration | 2 hours, 31 minutes, 40 seconds |
| Docking with LM | |
| Docking date | July 16, 1969, 16:56:03 UTC[2] |
| Undocking date | July 20, 1969, 17:44:00 UTC[5] |
| Docking with LM ascent stage | |
| Docking date | July 21, 1969, 21:35:00 UTC[3] |
| Undocking date | July 21, 1969, 23:41:31 UTC[3] |
 Left to right: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Buzz Aldrin | |
The flight was part of the Space Race. It finished the plan set by John F. Kennedy in 1961 to "land a man on the moon, and return him safely to the Earth", before the 1960s ended.
The Flight
Going to and from space
Millions of people around the world viewed the flight of Apollo 11 on television. When the rocket was sent to space it was a worldwide event. Richard Nixon, who was then President, watched it from the White House as the rocket went up. A Saturn V rocket took flight from the Kennedy Space Center in America.
About two hours after leaving Earth the passenger module departed the main rocket. The passenger module had two main parts, the Apollo command and service module called Columbia and the Apollo Lunar Module called Eagle. Columbia was the space ship that stayed in space, and Eagle was the moon-landing space ship. 3 days later the team entered Lunar Orbit (orbit around the moon). A day later the Eagle went away from Columbia. The Eagle landed safely on the moon with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin inside. During the landing, there were several problems with the computer. To land safely Armstrong had to fly the Eagle himself. They landed with only 25 seconds of fuel left.[6]
Events on the moon
The first thing Buzz Aldrin did upon touch down was to pray. He also read some words of Jesus.[7] He did not reveal his plan to do this because someone had just made a lawsuit to stop astronauts from doing religious things in space. Armstrong became the first human to walk and speak on the moon's surface. The first words he said were:
That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.[6]
 |
|
||||
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |||||
For the next two and a half hours Aldrin and Armstrong took notes, pictures and made holes to get moon rock. The landings were watched by over six million people on Earth[8] using the very big radio telescope in Australia. They did many experiments, for example, the collecting of moon rocks and dust. An American flag was set up and photographed on the moon. Before doing that, President Richard Nixon did a telephone call to them:[9]
Nixon: Hello, Neil and Buzz. I'm talking to you by telephone from the Oval Room at the White House. And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made. I just can't tell you how proud we all are of what you've done. For every American, this has to be the proudest day of our lives. And for people all over the world, I am sure they too join with Americans in recognizing what an immense feat this is. Because of what you have done, the heavens have become a part of man's world. And as you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquillity, it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquillity to Earth. For one priceless moment in the whole history of man, all the people on this Earth are truly one: one in their pride in what you have done, and one in our prayers that you will return safely to Earth. Armstrong: Thank you, Mr. President. It's a great honor and privilege for us to be here, representing not only the United States, but men of peace of all nations, and with interest and curiosity, and men with a vision for the future. It's an honor for us to be able to participate here today.[10]
Leaving the moon and returning to Earth
After finishing their work, Armstrong and Aldrin returned to the Eagle and slept for seven hours before starting to leave. While preparing to leave, Aldrin broke the circuit breaker in the engine starter. Armstrong used a pen to bridge the circuit and stop them from being stuck on the moon. Aldrin and Armstrong left many things on the moon: an American flag, a few experiments, a golden feather, a logo of Apollo 1 and some bronze coins honoring Yuri Gagarin and Vladimir Komarov. He also left a sign on the moon, with a message from the human race. The sign reads:
Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon, July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.[11]
On July 24 the three astronauts returned to Earth and were immediately placed into quarantine (kept away from other people), in case they brought back some disease from the moon. They stayed in quarantine for three weeks. When they got out the men were heroes around the world. They had dinner with President Nixon, a parade in New York City and another one in Chicago. The three were also on many television shows.
Photos
The Saturn V rocket carrying the Apollo 11's three people into space.
Buzz Aldrin's footprint on the moon's surface.
Buzz Aldrin with the US flag soon after stepping onto the surface.
Apollo 11 astronauts and President Nixon.
Apollo 11 Media
President John F. Kennedy speaking at Rice University on September 12, 1962
CAPCOM Charles Duke (left), with backup crewmen Jim Lovell and Fred Haise listening in during Apollo 11's descent
Original cockpit of the command module (CM) with three seats, photographed from above. It is located in the National Air and Space Museum, the very high resolution image was produced in 2007 by the Smithsonian Institution.
Apollo 11 space-flown silver Robbins medallion
Saturn V SA-506, the rocket carrying the Apollo 11 spacecraft, moves out of the Vehicle Assembly Building towards Launch Complex 39.
The Apollo 11 Saturn V space vehicle lifts off with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. at 9:32 a.m. EDT July 16, 1969, from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A.
Eagle in lunar orbit photographed from Columbia
Armstrong pilots Eagle to its landing on the Moon, July 20, 1969.
3-D view from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) of Apollo 11 landing site
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
Related pages
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Apollo 11 Mission Summary". The Apollo Program. National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on August 29, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Orloff 2000, p. 106.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Orloff 2000, p. 109.
- ↑ Williams, David R. (December 11, 2003). "Apollo Landing Site Coordinates". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
- ↑ Orloff 2000, p. 107.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "The First Lunar Landing". www.hq.nasa.gov.
- ↑ Buzz Aldrin, Ken Abraham (2009) "Magnificent Desolation", Random House Publishers, p. 26.
- ↑ http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11/pasa/on_eagles_wings.pdf
- ↑ "Exhibit: Apollo 11 and Nixon". American Originals. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. March 1996. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ↑ "Richard Nixon: Telephone Conversation With the Apollo 11 Astronauts on the Moon". The American Presidency Project. UC Santa Barbara. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
- ↑ Jones, Eric M., ed. (1995). "One Small Step". Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Other websites
Media related to Apollo 11 at Wikimedia Commons