Delhi Sultanate

Sultanate of Delhi
سلطنت دهلی‎code: fa is deprecated (Persian)
*Salṭanat-i-Dihlī*
Sultanate of Delhi سلطنت دهلی‎ (Persian); Salṭanat-i-Dihlī
1206–1526
Status	Sultanate
Capital	Lahore (1206–1210); Badayun (1210–1214); Delhi (1214–1327); Daulatabad (1327–1334); Delhi (1334–1506); Agra (1506–1526);
Official languages	Hindavi; Persian;
Religion	State religion; Sunni Islam; Others; Hinduism (majority), Jainism, Buddhism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism
Government	Monarchy
Sultan
• 1206–1210	Qutb ud-Din Aibak (first)
• 1517–1526	Ibrahim Lodi (last)
Legislature	Corps of Forty (1211–1266)
Historical era	Medieval India
•	25 June 1206
•	21 April 1526
Area
• 1312	3,200,000 km2 (1,200,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1500 estimate	101,000,000
Currency	Taka
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Ghurid Empire
Mughal Empire
Bengal Sultanate
Bahmani Sultanate
Gujarat Sultanate
Malwa Sultanate
Khandesh Sultanate
Jaunpur Sultanate
Multan Sultanate
Madurai Sultanate
Today part of	Bangladesh; India; Pakistan;

The Delhi Sultanate or Sultanate-e-Hind (lit. 'Empire of India') controlled most of the Indian subcontinent from 1210 to 1526 from Delhi. It included the Mamluk dynasty (1206-90), the Khalji dynasty (1290-1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), the Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and the Lodi dynasty (1451-1526). The reign of the Delhi Sultans ended after Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty was defeated by Babur and killed in action in the First Battle of Panipat.^[14]

Sultans of Delhi

Mamluk, or Slave dynasty (1206 - 1290)

Main page: Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)

Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206 - 1210)
Aram Shah (1210 - 1211)
Shams-ud-din Iltutmish (1211 - 1236)
Rukn ud din Firuz (1236)
Raziyyat ud din Sultana (1236 - 1240) (Raziyya Sultana)
Muiz ud din Bahram (1240 - 1242)
Ala ud din Masud (1242 - 1246)
Nasir ud din Mahmud (1246 - 1266)
Ghiyas ud din Balban (1266 - 1286)
Muiz ud din Qaiqabad (1286 - 1290)
Shamsuddin Kayumars (1290)

Khilji (Khalji) dynasty (1290 - 1320)

Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290 - 1294)
Ala ud din Khilji (1294 - 1316)
Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316 - 1320)

Tughlaq dynasty (1321 - 1398)

Ghiyas ud din Tughluq Shah I (1321 - 1325)
Muhammad Shah II (1325 - 1351)
Mahmud Ibn Muhammad ( March 1351)
Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351 - 1388)
Ghiyas ud din Tughluq II (1388 - 1389)
Abu Bakar (1389 - 1390)
Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III (1390 - 1393)
Sikander Shah I ( March - April 1393)
Mahmud Nasir ud din (Sultan Mahmud II) at Delhi (1393 - 1394)
Nusrat Shah at Firuzabad (1394 - 1398)

Sayyid (Syed) dynasty (1414 - 1451)

Main page: Sayyid dynasty

Khizr Khan (1414 - 1421)
Mubarrak Shah II (1421 - 1435)
Muhammad Shah IV (1435 - 1445)
Aladdin Alam Shah (1445 - 1451)

Lodi (Lodhi) dynasty (1451 - 1526)

Main page: Lodi dynasty

Bahlol Khan Lodi (1451-1489)
Sikandar Lodi (1489-1518)
Ibrahim II (1517-1526)

1526-1540: Mughal rule after the First Battle of Panipat

Delhi Sultanate Media

Tomb of Iltutmish (r. 1211–1236) in the Qutb Minar complex.
Territory controlled by Khalji dynasty circa 1320.^[15]
The Alai Darwaza, completed in 1311 during the Khalji dynasty.

Related pages

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Schwartzberg, Joseph E.. A Historical atlas of South Asia (1978). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147. ISBN 0226742210.
↑ Schwartzberg, Joseph E.. A Historical atlas of South Asia (1978). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 38. ISBN 0226742210.
↑ Jackson 2003.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Schwartzberg, Joseph E.. A Historical atlas of South Asia (1978). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 148. ISBN 0226742210.
↑ Eaton, Richard Maxwell. The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India (2015)Princeton University Press. p. 41–42. ISBN 978-1-4008-6815-5.
↑ Alam, Muzaffar. The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics. Modern Asian Studies 32 (2) (1998)Cambridge University Press. p. 317–349. doi:10.1017/s0026749x98002947.
↑ Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India. Asi.nic.in. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires Archived 17 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222–223. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
↑ Maddison. Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820 (27 July 2016). Retrieved 9 May 2023.
↑ Jackson 2003, p. 28.
↑ Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the Catalan Atlas (c. 1375): in the depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas
↑ Kadoi, Yuka. On the Timurid flag. Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie 2 (2010). p. 148. doi:10.29091/9783954909537/009.
↑ Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black Abbasid flag, and the red Ghurid flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion.Qurashi, Ishtiyaq Hussian. The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi (1942). Kashmiri Bazar Lahore: SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF. p. 143.Jha, Sadan. Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag (in en) (8 January 2016)Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-107-11887-4., also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in Thapliyal, Uma Prasad. The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study (in en) (1938)B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 94. ISBN 978-81-7018-092-0.
↑ Chandra, Satish. Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II (in en) (2005)Har-Anand Publications. p. 30–31. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9.
↑ Schwartzberg 1978, p. 147, map XIV.3 (i).

Literature

Elliot and Dowson: The History of India as told by its own Historians, (New Delhi) reprint, 1990.
Peter Jackson The Delhi Sultanate. A Political and Military History (Cambridge) 1999
Majumdar, R. C. (ed.), The History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume VI, The Delhi Sultanate, (Bombay) 1960; Volume VII, The Mughal Empire, (Bombay) 1973.
Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India in the Thirteenth Century (Delhi) 1961 (Revised Edition Delhi 2002)

Other websites

Delhi Sultanate Dynasty Archived 2020-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
List of rulers of Delhi Archived 2007-06-29 at the Wayback Machine

[The_Digital_South_Asia_Library_-_A_Historical_Atlas_of_South_Asia-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Schwartzberg, Joseph E.. A Historical atlas of South Asia (1978). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147. ISBN 0226742210.

[2] Schwartzberg, Joseph E.. A Historical atlas of South Asia (1978). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 38. ISBN 0226742210.

[FOOTNOTEJackson2003-3] Jackson 2003.

[A_Historical_atlas_of_South_Asia-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Schwartzberg, Joseph E.. A Historical atlas of South Asia (1978). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 148. ISBN 0226742210.

[5] Eaton, Richard Maxwell. The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India (2015)Princeton University Press. p. 41–42. ISBN 978-1-4008-6815-5.

[6] Alam, Muzaffar. The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics. Modern Asian Studies 32 (2) (1998)Cambridge University Press. p. 317–349. doi:10.1017/s0026749x98002947.

[asi.nic.in-7] Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India. Asi.nic.in. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[8] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires Archived 17 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222–223. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.

[ggdc.net-9] Maddison. Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820 (27 July 2016). Retrieved 9 May 2023.

[FOOTNOTEJackson200328-10] Jackson 2003, p. 28.

[11] Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the Catalan Atlas (c. 1375): in the depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas

[12] Kadoi, Yuka. On the Timurid flag. Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie 2 (2010). p. 148. doi:10.29091/9783954909537/009.

[13] Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black Abbasid flag, and the red Ghurid flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion.Qurashi, Ishtiyaq Hussian. The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi (1942). Kashmiri Bazar Lahore: SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF. p. 143.Jha, Sadan. Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag (in en) (8 January 2016)Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-107-11887-4., also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in Thapliyal, Uma Prasad. The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study (in en) (1938)B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 94. ISBN 978-81-7018-092-0.

[14] Chandra, Satish. Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II (in en) (2005)Har-Anand Publications. p. 30–31. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9.

[FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147.2C_map_XIV.3_.28i.29-15] Schwartzberg 1978, p. 147, map XIV.3 (i).

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