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George Meade

George Gordon Meade (1815-1872) was one of the few Union Army generals in the American Civil War who was born and began his career in a foreign country.[1] He was born in Cadiz, Spain on December 31, 1815.[2] He came to the United States after his family was financially ruined during the Napoleonic Wars.[1] Meade was made commander of the Union Army of the Potomac just before the Battle of Gettysburg.[3] After the Civil War he stayed in the army, serving in the South during the Reconstruction. Meade served as commissioner of Fairmount Park in Philadelphia until his death in 1872.

George Meade
Birth nameGeorge Gordon Meade
Nickname"Old Snapping Turtle"
Born(1815-12-31)December 31, 1815
Cadiz, Spain
DiedNovember 6, 1872(1872-11-06) (aged 56)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Buried atLaurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
AllegianceUnited States of America
Union
Service/branchUnited States Army
Union Army
Years of service1835–1836; 1842–1872
RankUnion Army major general rank insignia.svg Major general (USA)
Commands heldV Corps
Army of the Potomac
Department of the East
Battles/warsSecond Seminole War
Mexican–American War
American Civil War

Early life

Meade was born in Cadiz, Spain to American parents, Richard W. Meade and Margaret Coates Meade.[4] His father was an agent for the United States Navy.[4] Richard Meade died in 1828 leaving his family with very little money.[4] The family returned to the United States settling in Philadelphia.[4] In 1831, because his family was still struggling financially, Meade entered the United States Military Academy at West Point.[2] Four years later he graduated 19th in a class of 56.[a] [2]

Meade was commissioned a second lieutenant and served in the Seminole Wars in Florida.[7] He was an artillery officer for a year before resigning in 1837 to become a civil engineer. He reentered the army in 1842 after having difficulty in finding jobs.[8] Meade was a second lieutenant in the Corps of Topographical Engineers when the Mexican–American War broke out in 1846.[7] He was then placed in charge of lighthouse construction and later, surveying the Great Lakes.[4]

Civil War

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Meade had risen to the rank of captain in the regular army. He was appointed a brigadier general to command a brigade of Pennsylvania volunteers.[b][10] He was given the task of building several fortifications near Tenallytown, Maryland.[10] It was about this time he gained his nickname "The Old Snapping Turtle" for being short-tempered with junior officers and his superiors. He was especially short with civilians and newspaper reporters. His command was attached to the Army of the Potomac in March 1862. His troops fought in the Battle of Beaver Dam Creek and the Battle of Gaines's Mill.[10] Meade was seriously wounded at the Battle of Glendale. He remained on the battlefield giving orders until a loss of blood from two bullet wounds forced him to leave the field.[10] He recovered in a Philadelphia hospital and returned to duty in September. He led a division of "Pennsylvania Reserves" at the Battle of South Mountain and again three days later on September 17, 1862 at the Battle of Antietam.[10] At Antietam he took temporary command of I Corps after the corps commander was wounded. He participated in the Battle of Fredericksburg and after the battle was made commander of the V Corps.[10] In May 1863, Meade's V Corps protected the important fords on the Rappahannock River at the Battle of Chancellorsville. Despite the Union Army heavily outnumbering the Confederates, the Army of the Potomac was defeated. This led to General Hooker being replaced as commander. On June 28, 1863 Meade was given overall command of the Army of the Potomac.[1]

Gettysburg

Having had command of the Army of the Potomac for only three days, and having to deal with a Confederate army which had already invaded Pennsylvania, Meade quickly reorganized his forces.[11] He moved the army towards Gettysburg, Pennsylvania to stop Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.[11]

 

With parts of his army already at Gettysburg, Meade arrived late in the day on July 1. He decided to fight a defensive battle.[10] His army held ground just south of Gettysburg. The next day saw some of the bloodiest fighting with the Union army holding the high ground and Lee's army attacking both flanks. Each attack was thrown back. That evening, Meade held a "council of war" with his officers. All said the army should stay and fight the Confederates. On July 3 the Confederates attacked the Union center with about 13,000 men. They broke through the center of the Union line only to be thrown back again. When Lee told General George Pickett to gather his division together and attack again, Picket replied he no longer had a division. They had been nearly wiped out during Pickett's Charge. At that point Lee realized he had been defeated. On July 4, 1863, following three days of battle at Gettysburg, the two armies watched each other from opposing ridges.[12] Meade sent out skirmishers to probe the Confederate lines. But no order was given to attack.[12] Lee was now concerned with getting his army and all their captured supplies[c] back to Virginia.[15] His army held its position while the more than 10,000 wounded men were moved by wagon train 40 miles (64 km) to Williamsport, Maryland. The train of wagons and ambulances with the wounded was some 17 miles (27 km) long.[15] Meade discovered Lee's army had left the morning of July 5. Meade then ordered his nearly exhausted army to pursue Lee. Since the Potomac River was flooded, Lee's army was delayed in crossing. But by the time Meade's forces reached the Potomac, Lee had already escaped back into Virginia.

While Meade was proclaimed the "hero of Gettysburg", President Lincoln wasn't satisfied.[11] He had expected Meade to follow and destroy Lee's army, which could have ended the war.[11] Meade offered Lincoln his resignation but Lincoln refused to accept it.[1] On July 7, 1863, Meade was promoted to brigadier general in the regular army. Both the battles of Bristoe Station and Mine Run were undecisive for the Union army under Meade.[1] In the spring of 1864, Meade again offered his resignation when General Ulysses S. Grant became general-in-chief of all Union forces and made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac.[1] While Meade remained in command, nearly all command decisions were made by Grant.[1] This continued through the Siege of Petersburg after which Meade was promoted to major general.[1] A week later, when Lee surrendered his army to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Meade was not present.[1]

After the war

 
Statue of General George G. Meade at Gettysburg

Meade commanded several military departments. One of these was the Department of the South.[7] In the fall of 1872, he came down with pneumonia. He died on November 6, 1872.[7] His funeral became a state affair with President Grant attending.[7] Thousands of people in Philadelphia lined the route of his funeral to say goodbye to the "hero of Gettysburg".[7] On July 18, 1917, by order of the United States Department of War, Camp Meade, Maryland was named in honor of George G. Meade. In 1929, to differentiate it from Fort Meade in South Dakota, the camp was renamed Fort George G. Meade.[7]

Notes

  1. ↑ With 56 graduates, the graduating class of 1835 was large by West Point standards of the time. Yet within four years, 25 had resigned and left the service.[5] At the time, promotions were very slow and most lieutanants had few hopes of becomming a captain.[6] At the time 69 graduates were brevet second lieutanants as there were no vacancies.[6] in 1936, 117 officers left the army. During this decade, not only did Meade leave, but also men such as Jefferson Davis, Joseph E. Johnston, and Albert Sidney Johnston, who fought for the Confederacy.[6]
  2. ↑ At the beginning of the Civil war, both the North and South needed generals. Lincoln promoted dozens of men to the rank of general without any idea if they were competent or not.[9] Many generals were politicians or leaders of some influence and most were generals of state militias. Any who proved their worth in battle were rewarded with regular army rank.[9] Grant, as an example, started the war as a brigadier of Illinois volunteers.[9] He was given a commission as a major general in the regular army, then later promoted to lieutenant general.[9]
  3. ↑ By late 1862, Virginia was running out of food to feed its army.[13] Lee's horses were dying of disease because they had little or no fodder. The cavalry and artillery units had to be widely scattered behind his lines in order to find food for the horses.[13] In the winter of 1863, food trains from the south were becoming more and more scarce. One of Lee's main reasons for invading the North was to get supplies to continue the war. Lee's army foraged many of the small towns around Gettysburg for food and fodder.[14] They took whatever supplies they could find from the rich Pennsylvania countryside back to the safety of Virginia.[14]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 "George G. Meade". Civil War Trust. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "George G. Meade". History. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  3. ↑ "George Meade: Hero at Gettysburg?". History Engine. University of Richmond. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Ethan S. Rafuse. "George G. Meade (1815–1872)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  5. ↑ "Register of Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy, Class of 1835". University of Chicago. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 William Addleman Ganoe, The History of the United States Army (New York; London: Appleton-Century, 1942), p. 179
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 "An Illustrated History of Fort George G. Meade" (PDF). Fort Meade Museum. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  8. ↑ "George Gordon Meade (1815-1872)". Civil War Home. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 John Keegan, The American Civil War (New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), p. 322
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 "Union General George Gordon Meade, Commander Army of the Potomac". AmericanCivilWar.com. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "General George G. Meade: Hero Of Gettysburg or Goat?". Owlcation. HubPages Inc. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Battle of Falling Waters Williamsport, Hagerstown". Civil War Trust. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kent Masterson Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), pp. 12–13
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "The Battle of Gettysburg". Gettysburg Welcome Center. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Retreat from Gettysburg". United States Civil War. Retrieved 20 August 2016.

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