Hell Creek Formation
The Hell Creek Formation is a series of rocks where fossil dinosaurs are found. The strata are mostly Upper Cretaceous and some lower Paleocene rocks in North America.
| Hell Creek Formation Stratigraphic range: Upper Cretaceous 66.8–66 mya | |
|---|---|
 Exposure in the badlands near Fort Peck Reservoir | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Underlies | Fort Union Formation |
| Overlies | Fox Hills Formation |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Claystone, mudstone |
| Other | Sandstone |
| Location | |
| Region | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Hell Creek, Jordan, Montana |
The name comes from Hell Creek, near Jordan, Montana. The formation includes portions of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming.
It is a series of fresh and brackish-water clays, mudstones, and sandstones deposited during the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Palaeogene. It was laid down in river channels and deltas, and occasional peaty swamp deposits. along the low-lying eastern margin of the Western Interior Seaway.
The climate was mild, and the presence of crocodilians suggests a sub-tropical climate, with no prolonged annual cold. The famous iridium-enriched Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary, which separates the Cretaceous from the Cenozoic, is a distinct thin bedding. It is above and occasionally within the formation, near its boundary with the overlying Fort Union Formation.
The world's largest collection of Hell Creek fossils is housed and exhibited at the Museum of the Rockies, in Bozeman, Montana. The specimens displayed are the result of the museum's Hell Creek Project. This is a joint effort between the museum, Montana State University, the University of California, Berkeley, the University of North Dakota and the University of North Carolina. The project began in 1998.
The fossils discovered include all types of late Cretceous dinosaurs, fish, amphibia, and other reptiles such as turtles, crocodylomorphs, and squamata (snakes & lizards).
Mammals are plentiful in the Hell Creek Formation. They include multituberculates, metatherians, and eutherians.[1][2][3]
Hell Creek Formation Media
Paleontological camp of Museum of the Rockies in eastern Montana – Hell Creek Formation (summer dig season 2009)
Diagram depicting the currently named Dinosauria (avians excluded) from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of USA. Dinosaur taxa:* * Acheroraptor temertyorum → Length = 2.3 meters.[1] * Ankylosaurus magniventris → Length = 8 meters.[2] * Anzu wyliei → Length = ∼3.75 meters.[3] May b
View of Hell Creek State Park, the "heart" of Hell Creek Formation
The dominant plants of the Hell Creek Formation are mainly flowering plants
Pie chart of the time averaged census for large-bodied dinosaurs from the entire Hell Creek Formation in the study area
Fossil fruits from the Hell Creek Formation of Spinifructus antiquus of the palm family (Arecaceae), closely related to the genus Astrocaryum.
Fern plants at Muir Woods, California
cycads in Korakuen, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
References
- ↑ Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia; Cifelli, Richard L.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: origins, evolution, and structure. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-0-231-11918-4.
- ↑ Wilson, G. P. (2013). "Mammals across the K/Pg boundary in northeastern Montana, U.S.A.: Dental morphology and body-size patterns reveal extinction selectivity and immigrant-fueled ecospace filling". Paleobiology. 39 (3): 429–469. doi:10.1666/12041. S2CID 36025237.
- ↑ Archibald, J. D.; Zhang, Y.; Harper, T.; Cifelli, R. L. (2011). "Protungulatum: confirmed Cretaceous occurrence of an otherwise Paleocene Eutherian (Placental?) mammal". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 18 (3): 153–161. doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9162-1. S2CID 16724836.