Palm tree
Palm tree is a common name of perennial lianas, shrubs, and trees. They are the only members of the family Arecaceae, which is the only family in the order Arecales. They grow in hot climates.
| Palm tree Temporal range: Late Cretaceous – Recent
| |
|---|---|
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| Coconut (Cocos nucifera) in Martinique | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Order: | Arecales |
| Family: | Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.[1] |
| Type genus | |
| Areca | |
| Subfamilies | |
| Diversity | |
| Well over 2600 species in some 202 genera | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Well known palm trees are:
There are about 2600 species of palm trees, most of them living in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates.
Palms are one of the best known and most widely planted tree families. They have held an important role for humans throughout much of history. Many common products and foods come from palms. They are often used in parks and gardens that are in areas that do not have heavy frosts.
In the past palms were symbols of victory, peace, and fertility. Today palms are a popular symbol for the tropics and for vacations.[2]
Range
Most palm trees grow in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They occur from about 44° northern latitude to about 44° southern latitude. The dwarf palm (Chamaerops humilis) occurs in southern France, the Nikau (Rhopalostylis sapida) is a species of palm growing in New Zealand. The hardiest palm in the world is known as the needle palm (Rhapidophyllum Hystrix) and is able to handle temperatures below -18 °C (0 °F).
Shapes and flowers
Most palms are a straight, unbranched stem, but sometimes a branching stem, or even a creeping vine, such as the rattan.[3] They have large evergreen leaves that are either 'fan-leaved' (palmate) or 'feather-leaved' (pinnate) and arranged in a spiral at the top of the trunk. The leaves have a tubular sheath at the base that usually splits open on one side when it is grown.[4] The flowers grow on an inflorescence, a special branch just for carrying the great number of tiny flowers. The flowers are generally small and white, and are star-shaped. The sepals and petals usually number three each. The fruit is usually a single seed surrounded by flesh. The familiar coconut is the seed of a large fruit.[5] Some kinds may contain two or more seeds in each fruit.
Habitats of palms
More than two-thirds of palms live in tropical forests, where some species grow tall enough to form part of the canopy and other shorter palms form part of the understory.[6] Some kinds form pure stands in areas with poor drainage or regular flooding. Other palms live on tropical mountains above 1000 meters, Palms may also live in grasslands and scrublands, usually where there is water, and in desert oases. A few palms are adapted to extremely basic lime soils, while others are similarly adapted to very acidic soils.[7]
Unusual palms
The Coco de mer has the largest seeds of any plant, 30-50 centimeters in diameter and weighing 15-30 kilograms each. Raffia palms, with leaves up to 25 meters long and 3 meters wide, have the largest leaves of any plant. The Corypha palms have the largest inflorescence (flowering part) of any plant, up to 7.5 meters tall and containing millions of small flowers. The wax palm, Colombia's national tree, is the tallest palm in the world, reaching heights of 70 meters.[8]
Palm fossils
Palms first appear in the fossil record around 80 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous period. Some descendants from that period are still to be seen today, such as the nipa palm or mangrove palm.[9]
Palms in danger
Some palms are in danger of dying out because of human activity. The greatest dangers are from large cities, mining, and turning forests into farmland. The harvesting of the heart of a palm for food also poses a threat, because it comes from the inner core of the tree, and harvesting it kills the tree. The use of rattan palms in furniture has caused a big fall in the number of rattan palms, as they are collected from the wild instead of being farmed.[10]
At least a hundred species are in danger, and nine are said to have recently died out.
It is difficult to save palm seeds. They are killed by cooling them, which is the normal way of keeping rare seeds for the future. Also, planting rare species in parks can never truly recreate the wild areas they come from, and the plants may not do well in these parks.[11]
The Palm Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) started in 1984, supported by the WWF. The group gathered a lot of information from different parts of the world. An action plan to save rare palms was made by this group in 1996.[11][12]
Pest species
Pests that attack species of palm trees include:
- Raoiella indica, the red palm mite
- Caryobruchus gleditsiae, the palm seed beetle or palm seed weevil
Palm farming and use
Date palms in history
Human use of palms is as old as, or even older than, civilization itself, starting with the growing of date palms by Mesopotamians and other Middle Eastern peoples 5000 years or more ago.[1] The Date Palm had a great effect on the history of the Middle East. Historian W.H. Barreveld wrote:
- "Had the date palm not existed, the expansion of the human race into the hot and barren parts of the "old" world would have been much more restricted. The date palm not only provided a concentrated energy food, which could be easily stored and carried along on long journeys across the deserts, it also created a more amenable habitat for the people to live in by providing shade and protection from the desert winds. In addition, the date palm also yielded a variety of products for use in agricultural production and for domestic utensils, and practically all parts of the palm had a useful purpose".[2]
The early importance of palms in the Middle East is shown in scripture. They are mentioned more than 30 times in the Bible,[13] and more than 22 times in the Qur'an.[14]
Palms used for food and drink
Apart from the well-known coconut and date, there are other kinds of food from palms. Palm oil, Sago, heart of palm and palm wine are all eaten or drunk in different parts of the world. Palm oil is used in everything from cosmetics to food ingredients.
Use in war
South Carolina is nicknamed the Palmetto State, after the sabal palmetto, logs from which were used to build the fort at Fort Moultrie. During the American Revolutionary War their spongy wood helped stop the British cannonballs.[15]
Other uses of palms
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Coir is a coarse, water-resistant fibre from the outer shell of coconuts. It is used in doormats, brushes, mattresses, and ropes. 'Dragon's blood' is a resin used in dyes, varnishes and incense, can come from the fruit of the rattan. The Washingtonia robusta trees line Ocean Avenue in Santa Monica, California.
Today, palms are popular in parks and gardens in countries outside the tropics. two of the most cold-tolerant species are the Chusan palm, from eastern Asia, and the needle palm from the United States.[16]
The palm as a symbol
The palm branch was a symbol of triumph and victory in Roman times. The Romans rewarded champions of the games and celebrated success in war with palm branches.
Jews also had a tradition of carrying palm branches during festive times.[17]
The motto of the University of Southern California is Palmam qui meruit ferat, which means in Latin, "Let him bear the palm who has deserved it".
Palms appear on the flags and seals of several places where they are native, including those of Haiti, Guam, Florida, South Carolina, and Samoa.
In religion
The palm has many meanings in both ancient and modern Middle Eastern religions.
Christianity
Early Christians used the palm branch to symbolize the victory of the faithful over enemies of the soul, as in the Palm Sunday festival celebrating the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem.
In Christian art, martyrs were usually shown holding palms representing the victory of spirit over flesh, and it was widely believed that a picture of a palm on a tomb meant that a martyr was buried there.[18] Origen calls the palm "the symbol of victory in that war waged by the spirit against the flesh. In this sense it was especially applicable to martyrs, the victors par excellence over the spiritual foes of mankind; hence the frequent occurrence in the Acts of the martyrs of such expressions as "he received the palm of martyrdom".
In other faiths
The sacred tree of the Assyrians was a palm that represents the god Ishtar connecting heaven, the crown of the tree, and earth, the base of the trunk. The Mesopotamian goddess Inanna, who had a part in the sacred marriage ritual, was thought of as the one who made the dates abundant.[19]
The palm tree was a sacred sign of Apollo in Ancient Greece because he had been born under one.[20]
Modern times
The palm, especially the coconut, remains a symbol of tropical island paradise.[6]
The palm tree also represents Oasis.
At the birth of a child in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, a coconut palm was planted to count the age of the child.
Cultural significance
Rabindranath Tagore wrote a famous poem about a special genus of palm tree.
Palm Tree Media
Sawn palm stem: Palms do not form annual tree rings.
Two Roystonea regia specimens. The characteristic crownshaft and apex shoot, or 'spear', are visible.
Silhouette of palms in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Arecaceae * 1-Hyphaene thebaica * 2-Lodoicea maldivica * 3-Elaeis guineensis * 4-Phoenix dactylifera * 5-
Young Beccariophoenix alfredii
A Cuban Royal Palm
Crown shaft base of Royal palm
Arecaceae are common in Saudi Arabia
References
- ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. ISSN 0024-4074.
- ↑ "Landscaping with Palms in the Mediterranean". Archived from the original on 2006-06-21. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
- ↑ "Arecaceae - Università di Catania". Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
- ↑ Arecaceae - University of Hawaii Botany
- ↑ Arecaceae in Flora of North America
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Virtual Palm Encyclopedia - Introduction". Archived from the original on 2018-01-22. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
- ↑ "Tropical Palms by Food and Agriculture Organization". Archived from the original on 2006-05-06. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
- ↑ "Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia". Archived from the original on 2007-02-20. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
- ↑ "Virtual Palm Encyclopedia - Evolution and the fossil record". Archived from the original on 2006-04-18. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
- ↑ "Palms: their conservation and sustained utilization". Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Palm Conservation: Its Atecedents, Status, and Needs
- ↑ "How to save a dead palm tree - My Blog". 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ↑ Bible search for "palm"
- ↑ Koran search for "palm"
- ↑ Revolutionary War Exhibit Text - November 2002
- ↑ "Growing Hardy Palms". Archived from the original on 2006-09-12. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
- ↑ Palm Sunday according to the Byzantine Rite Tradition
- ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia: Palm in Christian Symbolism
- ↑ "Date Sex @ University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology". Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
- ↑ "Palm Tree Symbolism". Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
Other websites
- Guide to Palms Archived 2006-01-05 at the Wayback Machine A collection of palm images, scientific data, and horticultural information hosted by Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami.
- Kew Botanic Garden's Palm Genera list Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine A list of the currently acknowledged genera by Kew Royal Botanic Gardens in London, England.
- PACSOA Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia palm species listing with images.
- Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida, Inc. (PACSOF), which includes pages on Arecaceae taxonomy Archived 1999-09-08 at the Wayback Machine and a photo index Archived 2005-01-31 at the Wayback Machine.