Itelmens
The Itelmens (Itelmen: Итәнмән, Russian: Ительмены) are a native population of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia. Itelmen call themselves itenme'n-itelmen, which means "an inhabitant of dry land", or "a human being."[1] They are also called Kamchadal. They are related to the Chukchi and Koryak peoples.[2]
Итәмән Ительмены | |
|---|---|
| File:Itelmeni 3.JPG An Itelmen dance group, 2013 | |
| Total population | |
| 3,211 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| 22x20px Russia | 3,193[1] |
| 22x20px Ukraine | 18[2] |
| Languages | |
| Itelmen, Russian | |
| Religion | |
| Polytheism, Shamanism, Russian Orthodoxy | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Chukchi, Koryaks | |
| |
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Language
Itelmen spoke the Itelmen language. It is a Chukotsko-Kamchatsky language.[3] As of 2016, there are only about 5 native speakers of the language alive, and it is an endangered language.[4] Most Itelmen now speak Russian. There have been efforts to bring the language back since the 1980s.[4]
Pre-contact life
Kamchadal is the general term for the native peoples of Kamchatka Krai. This includes the Itelmen. Itelmen were called Kamchadals by Russian settlers until 1927.[5] They were fishermen and fur hunters. They were also herbalists, which means they used plants like herbs as medicine.[1]
Russian contact
Itelmens were being converted to Christians as early as the 1730s.[6]
The population of the native peoples of Kamchatka declined from 1769-1770. There were hundreds of Itelmen settlements in the 18th century, but there were only seven Itelmen-speaking villages by the 20th century.[6] Russian became the main language, and Russians spread diseases to the Itelmen, like smallpox. They also suffered from famine.[7]
Kamchadal people suffered from Russian rule. Cossacks kept Itelmen as slaves.[8] Some Itelmen who fought against the Russians were deported, or had their tribes separated.[1]
Itelmens Media
Resettlement of Itelmens in the Far Eastern Federal District by urban and rural settlements in%, 2010 census
Itelmen and their winter dwelling, 1774
- Хижины камчадалов гравюра.JPG
Winter dwelling and summer dwellings
- Itelmen.jpg
- Itelmen
Related pages
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire: Itelmens". www.eki.ee. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ↑ "Itelmen". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ↑ "Itelmen". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Degai, Tatiana S. (2016). ""ITƏNMƏN"-- "The One Who Exists": Sociolinguistic Life of the Itelmen in Kamchatka, Russia in the Context of Language Loss and Language Revitalization". repository.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
- ↑ Murashko, Olga (1997). "Itelmens and Kamchadals: Marriage Patterns and Ethnic History". Arctic Anthropology. 34 (1): 181–193. ISSN 0066-6939. JSTOR 40316432.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
- ↑ Murashko, Olga; Krupnik, Igor I.; Davis, Eugenia W. (1994). "A Demographic History of the Kamchadal/Itelmen of Kamchatka Peninsula: Modeling the Precontact Numbers and Postcontact Depopulation". Arctic Anthropology. 31 (2): 16–30. ISSN 0066-6939. JSTOR 40316361.
- ↑ Steller, Georg Wilhelm; Falk, Marvin W (2003). Steller's history of Kamchatka: collected information concerning the history of Kamchatka, its peoples, their manners, names, lifestyle, and various customary practices. University of Alaska Press. ISBN 978-1-889963-49-5. OCLC 49844675.
