Lithuania
Lithuania is a country in Europe. It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland to the south and Russia to the southwest. It is one of the Baltic states. The country's area is 65,300 km² and there are about 2.8 million people who live in Lithuania. The national language is the Lithuanian language, which is spoken by around 3 million people. Vilnius is the capital and largest city. Lithuania is a member of the European Union, NATO, and several other organizations.[10]
Republic of Lithuania Lietuvos Respublika (Lithuanian) | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Anthem: | |
 Location of Lithuania (dark green) – on the European continent (green & dark grey) | |
| Capital and largest city | Vilnius 54°41′N 25°19′E / 54.683°N 25.317°E |
| Official languages | Lithuanian |
| Ethnic groups (2015[1]) |
|
| Demonym(s) | Lithuanian |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic[2][3][4][5] |
| Gitanas Nausėda | |
| Gintautas Paluckas | |
| Viktorija Čmilytė-Nielsen | |
| Legislature | Seimas |
| Independence from Russia / Germany (1918) | |
| 9 March 1009 | |
• Coronation of Mindaugas | 6 July 1253 |
| 2 February 1386 | |
• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth created | 1 July 1569 |
| 24 October 1795 | |
| 16 February 1918 | |
| 15 June 1940 | |
| 22 June 1941 | |
• Liberation from the Nazi occupation | July 1944 |
| 11 March 1990 | |
• Independence recognized by the Soviet Union | 6 September 1991 |
• Admitted to the United Nations | 17 September 1991 |
• Joined the European Union | 1 May 2004 |
| Area | |
• Total | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1850: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). (121st) |
• Water (%) | 1.35 |
| Population | |
• 2020 estimate |  2,794,329[6] (137th) |
• Density | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1850: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). (173rd) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | $107 billion[7] (83rd) |
• Per capita | $38,751[7] (38th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | $56 billion[7] (80th) |
• Per capita | $20,355[7] (42nd) |
| Gini (2018) | ▼ 36.9[8] medium |
| HDI (2018) | 0.869[9] very high · 34th |
| Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Date format | yyyy-mm-dd (CE) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +370 |
| ISO 3166 code | LT |
| Internet TLD | .lta |
| |
The colors of the Lithuanian flag are yellow (at the top), for the sun, green (in the middle), for the fields, and red (at the bottom), for the blood of Lithuanians fighting for its independence.
History
Lithuania began to turn into a country in the 7th–9th centuries from Baltic nations group. The Balts, the ancestors of Lithuanians and Latvians, came to the area between Nemunas, Daugava rivers and the Baltic Sea, from a supposed original homeland of the Proto-Indo-European languages. Many scientists think they came there sometime in the 3rd millennium BC.
The traditional date of the beginning of the country is 1236 when the Lithuanians won the Battle of Šiauliai (Battle of Sun).
Lithuania (at that time - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania) made a Treaty with Poland in 1569. The country was taken over by the Russian Empire in 1795, ending the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It got back its independence on February 16, 1918. In 1940 the country became a Soviet republic and joined to the Soviet Union. On June 22, 1941, after German invasion, the republic was occupied. It continued until 1944. Lithuania re-declared its independence on March 11, 1990. Currently, Lithuania is an independent, semi-presidential, democratic republic.
Politics
Lithuania has been a member of NATO and the European Union since 2004.
Lithuania is a semi presidential republic, that restored its independence and democracy in 1990. Since then, very important reforms were made and Lithuania is now declared as a democratic state that grants the human rights.
The Constitution that was adopted in 1992 declares that the leader of the country is the President, who must be elected to take office. The elections are held every 5 years. If the President breaks their oath, they can be forced to resign by the Parliament. The President also represents Lithuania abroad and is the commander-in-chief.
The legislative power of Lithuania is called the Seimas, or Parliament. There are 141 members of Seimas who are elected for 4-year-terms. Seimas passes the laws that must be executed by the government, that is formed in Seimas, and it must be accepted by the President. The Prime Minister is set and fired by the President.
The justice is under the power of the courts. The supreme court in Lithuania is the Constitutional Court.
Administrative subdivisions
Lithuania is divided into 10 counties, 60 municipalities and 500 elderates. The counties are:
- Alytus County
- Kaunas County
- Klaipėda County
- Marijampolė County
- Panevėžys County
- Šiauliai County
- Tauragė County
- Telšiai County
- Utena County
- Vilnius County
The county governor rules the county. He or she must be appointed by the central government. Municipalities are governed by the Municipal Councils that are elected for 4 year terms. The head of a municipality is the mayor. The elderates are governed by the elders. The elders are appointed by the municipal councils.
Geography
Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe. Its neighbours are Poland in the southwest, Russia (Kaliningrad) in west, Latvia in north and Belarus in the east. Lithuania borders the Baltic Sea and 99 kilometres of its coast belong to Lithuania. The highest hill is Aukštojas (294 metres high), the largest lake is Drūkšiai. 31% of the land is suitable for farms.
Lithuania is divided into 5 cultural regions according to their past and traditions:
- Aukštaitija
- Dzūkija
- Mažoji Lietuva (Lithuania Minor)
- Suvalkija
- Žemaitija (Samogitia)
Climate
Extreme temperatures in Lithuania (°C)
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Month
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Jan
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Feb
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Mar
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Apr
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May
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Jun
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Jul
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Aug
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Sep
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Oct
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Nov
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Dec
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Highest Temperatures
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+12,6
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+16,5
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+21,8
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+28,8
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+34
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+35
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+37,5
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+36
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+32
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+26
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+18
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+15,6
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Lowest Temperatures
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-40,5
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-42,9
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-37,5
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-23,0
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-6,8
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-2,8
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+0,9
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-2,9
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-6,3
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-19,5
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-23
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-34
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Economy
Lithuania has a fast growing economy. It grew up to 7% in the first quarter of 2008.
GDP per capita, based on purchasing power parity is estimated to be $19,730 in 2008. The nominal GDP per capita is estimated to be $14,213 at the same year. According to these numbers, Lithuanian per capita GDP reaches only 61% of EU average. However, it is impressive that only in 8 years, since 2000 it grew up from 30% of EU average.
Emigration still creates a problem, however. This means that the country's own people are leaving their homeland in search for better opportunities like jobs elsewhere. According to the official data, emigration in 2006 was 30% lower than the previous year, with 3,483 people leaving in four months.
Demographics
About 80% of people in Lithuania are Lithuanians. The other 20% are minorities which include 234,989 Poles (6.7%), 219,789 Russians (6.3%), 42,866 Belarusians (1.2%), 22,488 Ukrainians (0.7%), and 4,007 ethnic Jews (2001 census data). There are also much smaller populations of Armenians, Azeris, Georgians, Germans, Celts, Finns, Karaims (Karaites), Latvians, Estonians, Moldovans, Greeks, Romanians, Gypsies (Roma), Bashkirs, Tatars, Uzbeks, Tajiks, and Kazakhs in Lithuania.[11]
Lithuanian is spoken by 82% of the people and it is the only official language. Polish is used mostly in Vilnius County where Polish politicians are elected to represent the Polish minority. The documents and street names must be in Lithuanian.
The biggest cities are Vilnius with 542,287 people living in it, Kaunas with 358,107 people living in it, and Klaipėda with 185,899 people living in it.
Largest cities
| City | Region | Population | Density* (/km2) | Area (km2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Vilnius
|
East | 544,206 | 1,354 | 401 |
 Kaunas
|
Middle | 355,586 | 2,281 | 157 |
.png){kind=small} Klaipėda
|
West | 184,657 | 1,926 | 98 |
 Šiauliai
|
North | 127,059 | 1,605 | 81 |
 Panevėžys
|
North | 113,653 | 2,236 | 52 |
.svg){kind=small} Alytus
|
South | 68,304 | 1,747 | 40 |
 Marijampolė
|
South | 47,010 | 2,271 | 21 |
 Mažeikiai
|
North | 40,572 | 2,956 | 14 |
.svg){kind=small} Jonava
|
Middle | 34,446 | n/d | n/d |
 Utena
|
East | 32,572 | 2,191 | 15,1 |
 Kėdainiai
|
Middle | 31,055 | n/d | 44 |
Education
The nursery schools and the kindergartens are the first-level education forms. However, they are not compulsory. The children start attending the primary school at age 7, where educational programs last for 4 years; then they must start attending secondary school (5th to 10th grades). After finishing 8th or 10th grade, the student can continue learning at the high school or choose courses at the vocational college. The students who finish the high school can join colleges and universities. Higher education is free for the students whose annual median of grades is 8 or higher. The others have to pay ~1300 Euros per semester at least.
The higher education schools are universities and colleges. The main universities are:
- Vilnius University (the oldest university in northeastern Europe, founded in 1579);
- University of Vytautas the Great, in Kaunas;
- The University of Technology of Gediminas, in Vilnius;
- The Klaipėda University.
Media
Radio and television
Lithuanians can choose from many television and radio stations. The first radio station was started in 1926 in Kaunas. The first television station started in 1957. The main radio stations are:
- Public broadcaster: LRT Radijas (talk station), LRT Klasika (classical music), LRT Opus (alternative music)
- M-1 (TOP 40)
- Lietus (Lithuanian pop)
- Radiocentras (TOP 40)
- Power Hit Radio (dance)
- ZIP FM (TOP 40)
- M-1 Plius (adult contemporary)
- Žinių Radijas (talk station)
The most popular TV stations are:
- Public broadcaster: LRT Televizija (main programme), LRT Plius (culture, sports, movies)
- TV3 (national)
- LNK (national)
- BTV (national)
- Lrytas TV (national)
- TV1 (women-oriented)
- TV8 (women-oriented)
- TV6 (men-oriented)
- Info TV (news)
Printed media and Internet
The oldest legal newspaper in Lithuania is the Polish Kurier Wilenski. It was first published in the 18th century and is now only popular with the Polish community. The biggest selling newspapers are:
- Lietuvos Rytas (national)
- Verslo žinios (business)
- Kauno diena (regional)
- Vakaro žinios (tabloid)
- Vakarų ekspresas (regional)
Internet news portals are very popular in Lithuania. They have the latest information and also let people make comments. The most popular Internet sites with news and information are:
- Delfi.lt
- 15min.lt
- lrytas.lt
- tv3.lt
- lrt.lt
Lithuania Media
An instrumental recording of the Lithuanian national anthem performed by the United States Navy Band, circa 2003.
Lithuania's name in writing (Litua, on line 7), 1009
Baltic amber was once a valuable trade resource. It was transported from the region of modern-day Lithuania to the Roman Empire through the Amber Road.
Ancient Kernavė hillforts
Changes in the territory of Lithuania from the 13th to 15th century. At its peak, Lithuania was the largest state in Europe.
Trakai Island Castle, the former residence of the Grand Dukes. Trakai was the capital of the medieval state.
Panorama of Vilnius in 1600
Opening ceremony of a Muravyov Memorial in Vilnius in 1898. Muravyov was nicknamed as the "hangman of Vilnius".
Members of the Council of Lithuania after signing the Act of Independence of Lithuania in 1918
Lithuanian Armed Forces returning to Vilnius in 1939
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Related pages
Notes and references
- ↑ "Lietuvos gyventojų tautinė sudėtis 2014–2015 m." Alkas.lt. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ↑ Kulikauskienė, Lina (2002). Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija [The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania] (in lietuvių). Native History, CD. ISBN 9986-9216-7-8.
- ↑ Veser, Ernst (23 September 1997). "Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept—A New Political System Model" (PDF) (in English and 中文). Department of Education, School of Education, University of Cologne: 39–60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of the power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard he recognizes Duverger's pléiade as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. United States: University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
- ↑ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns". French Politics. Palgrave Macmillan Journals. 3 (3): 323–351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. ISSN 1476-3419.
A pattern similar to the French case of compatible majorities alternating with periods of cohabitation emerged in Lithuania, where Talat-Kelpsa (2001) notes that the ability of the Lithuanian president to influence government formation and policy declined abruptly when he lost the sympathetic majority in parliament.
- ↑ "Pradžia – Oficialiosios statistikos portalas". osp.stat.gov.lt.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Lithuania". International Monetary Fund.
- ↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
- ↑ "2017 Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ↑ "Lithuania - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
- ↑ "Lithuania - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples". 2 November 2023.
Other websites
- The site of the President's administration Archived 2010-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
- The site of Lithuanian Parliament Archived 2016-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
- The site of Government of Lithuania Archived 2008-06-21 at the Wayback Machine
- The Official site of Department of Statistics
- The official site of Vilnius Municipality
- The official site of Kaunas Municipality Archived 2012-12-18 at the Wayback Machine
- The official site of klaipėda Municipality