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Manchu people

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The Manchu people[1] are a Tungusic people who came from Manchuria (today's Northeastern China). In ancient times they were called "Juchen". During their rise in the seventeenth century they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, which established a republican government in its place.

Manchu (Manju, Man)
满族
Manchuguard.jpg
Total population
approx. 10.68 million (2000) [1]
Regions with significant populations
 China (Heilongjiang · Jilin · Liaoning)
There may also be members in Taiwan, United States, Canada and Japan.
Languages
Manchu · Mandarin Chinese
Religion
Tibetan Buddhism, Shamanism and other religions
Related ethnic groups
Xibe, other Tungusic peoples

The Qing Dynasty required by law that all males must wear a hairstyle called the Manchu queue, in which men had to shave the front of their heads and wear a long braid on the back of their heads.

the Jurchens (Manchus) were former Ming subjects but were rejecting their previous status and revolting when Nurhaci declared the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 and his Seven Grievances in 1618 calling for revenge against the Ming killing his father and grandfather.[2]

Local Han civilian militias were used by the Qing government during the White Lotus rebellion instead of using extra Manchu bannermen.[3][4][5]

Manchu bannermen and Mongol Bannermen in the banner garrison of Zhenjiang, including the Manchu banner commander Hailong, committed suicide after slaughtering their own wives and children after the British defeated them in the Battle of Chinkiang in 1842.[6] The Manchu bannermen of the banner garrison in Zhapu killed their own wives and children before committing suicide after the British defeated them in the Battle of Chapu in 1842 while the non-banner Han Chinese soldiers did not commit suicide and stayed alive.[7][8] Han Green Standard Army soldiers abandoned the Manchu bannermen to die.[9][10][11][12] British witnesses said that the Manchu population of the Zhenjiang garrison was effectively extinct as the corpses of Manchu men, women and children littered the garrison. "Dead bodies of Tartars in every house we entered, principally women and children thrown into wells or otherwise murdered by their own people. A great number of those who escaped our fire committed suicide after destroying their families; the loss of life has been appalling, and it may be said that the Manchu race in this city is extinct."[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

In Zhenjiang, As the Manchu garrison had been in the habit of calling the Chinese .6 disloyalists , ” the Fu Kien braves sided with the enemy and set fire to the town . The foreigners then got over the wall and burnt the Manchu quarter, the Assistant Tartar-General and the Acting Sub-Prefect losing their lives, and the taotai escaping to Kashing, which place, as also Hangchow, was now threatened too.[22][23][24] Han Chinese civilians gathered to watch the British kill the Manchus in the battle of Zhenjiang, even brining bowls of rice while spectating : "... and their fellow - countrymen , and in danger themselves , from their position , of being shot , were coolly employed eating their bowls of rice ."[25][26][27][28][29][30] The British observed the Manchus killing their own children and wives and committing suicide as they lost : “As we marched along the walls, I saw, what as a novice in this description of warfare shocked me much, old men, women and children, cutting each other's throats, and drowning themselves by the dozen; and no one either attempting or apparently showing any inclination to save the poor wretches, nor in fact regarding them with more notice than they would a dead horse carried through the streets of London to the kennel."[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] “ After we had forced our way over piles of furniture, placed to barricade the door, we entered an open court strewed with rich stuffs and covered with clotted blood; and upon the steps leading to the hall of ancestors,' there were two bodies of youthful Tartars cold and stiff, much alike, apparently brothers. Having gained the threshold of their abode, they had died where they had fallen, from the loss of blood. Stepping over these bodies, we entered the hall, and met, face to face, three women seated, a mother and two daughters; and at their feet lay to bodies of elderly men, with their throats cut from ear to ear, their senseless heads resting upon the feet of their relations. To the right were two yonng girls, beautiful and delicate, crouching over, and endeavoring to conceal a living soldier."[39]

Southern Han Chinese coolies helped the British and French destroy Qing Manchu Eight Banner armies at the Battle of Taku Forts (1860).[40]

25,000 Manchus were slaughtered by Taiping forces in Nanjing.[41]

At the Temple of Heaven all seven daughters of the Manchu official Yulu were gang raped on August 11 by Eight Nation Alliance soldiers after Yulu committed suicide.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48]

Women's chastity was guarded by keeping them in the inner quarters of the house in Han culture and Manchus adopted this practice from Han after the Qing was founded.[49]

The Manchu are still a separate ethnicity from the Han Chinese and are categorized as a separate ethnic minority by the government of China but the majority of Manchus no longer speak their own language much as the majority of the Irish people remain separate from English but speak English as their first language.

Manchu People Media

  • Map of Manchu-designated autonomous prefectures and counties in China.

  • Aguda, Emperor Taizu of Jurchen Jin

  • An imperial portrait of Nurhaci

  • Qing Empire c. 1820

  • Prince Zaitao dresses in modern reformed uniform of late Qing dynasty

  • First flag used by Republican China

  • Fengtian Clique soldiers in the 1920s

  • "Banjin Inenggi" and Manchu linguistic activity by the government and students in Changchun, 2011

  • the cover of the Eight Manchu Banners' Surname-Clans' Book

Other websites

References

  1. ↑ Manchu: Manju.svg Manju; simplified Chinese: 满族; traditional Chinese: 滿族; pinyin: Mǎnzú, Mongolian: Манж
  2. ↑ Elliott, Mark C.. The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China (2001)Stanford University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0804746842.
  3. ↑ DAI, YINGCONG. Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. Asia Major 22 (2) (2009). p. 145–78.
  4. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190802222345/http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1405qWXADQr.pdf https://ur.booksc.me/book/26745377/9d8cd5[dead link]
  5. ↑ Elleman, Bruce A.. Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989. Warfare and History (2005)Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 1134610084.
  6. ↑ Elliott, Mark. Bannerman and Townsman: Ethnic Tension in Nineteenth-Century Jiangnan. Late Imperial China 11 (1) (June 1990)The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 36–74. doi:10.1353/late.1990.0005.
  7. ↑ China: The World's Oldest Living Civilization Revealed. Ancient civilizations Eyewitness travel guides (2008)Thames & Hudson. p. 331. ISBN 978-0500251423.
  8. ↑ Rait, Robert Sangster. The life and campaigns of Hugh, first Viscount Gough, Field-Marshal (1903)Westminster, A. Constable & Co., Ltd.. p. 265.
  9. ↑ Lovell, Julia. The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams, and the Making of Modern China (2015)ABRAMS. p. 27. ISBN 978-1468313239.
  10. ↑ Lovell, Julia. The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams, and the Making of Modern China (2015)ABRAMS, Incorporated (Ignition). p. 70. ISBN 978-1468313239.
  11. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=tq1viJQK1AsC&dq=%22not+their+fight%22+manchu+british&pg=PT189 https://rationalityofaith.wordpress.com/2016/05/18/notes-and-comments-on-julia-lovells-the-opium-war/[dead link] https://lukeford.net/blog/?p=70956 https://chinglican.synology.me/2016/05/18/notes-and-comments-on-julia-lovells-the-opium-war/ Archived 2022-08-08 at the Wayback Machine https://chinglican.synology.me/?p=9311[dead link]
  12. ↑ 甘, 棠. 鸦片战争之镇江战役. 美篇，中老年兴趣社区 (2018-08-29).
  13. ↑ Rait, Robert Sangster. The life and campaigns of Hugh, first Viscount Gough, Field-Marshal (1903)Westminster, A. Constable & Co., Ltd.. p. 275.
  14. ↑ Opium War: 1839 - 1842. The British Empire.
  15. ↑ Forrest, George W. (March 1904). "VISCOUNT GOUGH". Blackwood's magazine (Edinburgh W. Blackwood). https://archive.org/details/blackwoodsmagazi175edinuoft/page/328/mode/2up. 
  16. ↑ Historical Time Line 1850 - 1874. Royal Marines.
  17. ↑ Rait, Robert Sangster. The Life and Campaigns of Hugh, First Viscount Gough, Field-Marshal, Volume 1 (1903)A. Constable & Company, Limited. p. 275.
  18. ↑ Chinese Imperialism.
  19. ↑ Farwell, Byron. Eminent Victorian Soldiers: Seekers of Glory (1988)W.W. Norton. p. 32. ISBN 0393305333.
  20. ↑ Giddings, Robert. Imperial Echoes: Eye-Witness Accounts of Victoria's Little Wars (1994)Pen and Sword. p. 67. ISBN 085052394X.
  21. ↑ Boulger, Demetrius Charles. The History of China, Volume 2 (1808)W. Thacker & Company. p. 129.
  22. ↑ Parker, Edward Harper. Chinese Account of the Opium War (1 of The Pagoda Library) (1888)Kelly & Walsh, Limited. p. 61.
  23. ↑ As the Manchu garrison had been in the habit of calling the Chinese*" disloyalists," the Fu Kien braves sided with the enemy and set fire to the town.
  24. ↑ ... British: 'As the Manchu garrison had been in the habit of calling the Chinese disloyal, the Fujian braves sided with the enemy and set fire to the town.
  25. ↑ The Chinese Repository (1844). p. 64.
  26. ↑ ... foreigners and their fellow-countrymen, and in danger themselves, from their position, of being shot, were coolly employed eating their bowls of rice.
  27. ↑ Loch, Granville Gower. The Closing Events of the Campaign in China: The Operations in the Yang-tze-kiang and Treaty of ... (1843)J. Murray. p. 104.
  28. ↑ The Closing Events of the Campaign in China: The Operations ...
  29. ↑ The Closing Events of the Campaign in China: The Operations ...
  30. ↑ Far from escaping the theatre of war, its inhabitants were standing, spectating, in the streets, 'coolly employed eating their bowls of rice ... although ...
  31. ↑ The United Service Magazine, Volume 42 (1843)H. Colburn. p. 446.
  32. ↑ Colburn's United Service Magazine and Naval and Military Journal (1843). p. 446.
  33. ↑ The Chinese Repository, Volume 13 (1844)Kraus Reprint. p. 65.
  34. ↑ Rowntree, Joshua. The Imperial Drug Trade: A Re-statement of the Opium Question, in the Light of Recent Evidence and New Developments in the East (1906)Methuen. p. 61.
  35. ↑ Lewis, Eric. Black Opium: An Account of a "morally Indefensible" Trade in "this Horrible Drug," with an Appeal to the Churches in Great and Greater Britain to Unite in One Great Concerted Effort, Calling Upon Our Country to Pay the Price of a God-honouring Ending (1910)Marshall Bros.. p. 26.
  36. ↑ Rowntree, Joshua. The Imperial Drug Trade: A Re-statement of the Opium Question, in the Light of Recent Evidence and New Developments in the East (1906)Methuen. p. 61.
  37. ↑ STAPLETON, Augustus Granville. A Letter to the Bradford Foreign Affairs Committee (1857). p. 7.
  38. ↑ Stapleton, Augustus Granville. Intervention and Non-intervention; Or, The Foreign Policy of Great Britain from 1790 to 1865 (1866)J. Murray. p. 161.
  39. ↑ The Chinese Repository (1844). p. 66.
  40. ↑ India. Quarter Master General's Department. Intelligence Branch. China : Being a Military Report on the North-eastern Portions of the Provinces of Chih-li and Shan-tung, Nanking and Its Approaches, Canton and Its Approaches: Together with an Account of the Chinese Civil, Naval and Military Administrations, and a Narrative of the Wars Between Great ..., Volume 2 (1884)Government Central Branch Press. p. 28, 29.
  41. ↑ The Moravian magazine, a monthly journal of the Church of the United brethren (1854).
  42. ↑ Tape amplifier (2021-10-31). In June 1900, the Eight-Power Alliance invaded Tianjin, and the Death Method of the Governor and His Family The Strategy of the Governor directly under the Governor: "Protect Tianjin" Luo Rongguang's plea for help The blood of Tianjin City flowed into a river the Defense Of Beijing and Tianjin failed again Only this end Was this the end Of later generations, Yu Lu's family was tragically retaliated by the coalition forces. https://www.laitimes.com/en/article/hczg_hpr9.html. 
  43. ↑ 磁带放音机 (2021-10-31). 1900年6月，八国联军攻入天津，直隶总督及家人这种死法 直隶总督的策略："保天津" 罗荣光的求救 天津城血流成河 京津保卫战再次失败 只有这种结局了 后世评价 裕禄家人惨遭联军报复. https://www.laitimes.com/zh/article/hczg_hpr9.html. 
  44. ↑ 1900年6月，八国联军攻入天津，直隶总督及家人这种死法. 2021-04-28. https://new.qq.com/omn/20210428/20210428A04GBH00.html. 
  45. ↑ 1900年6月，八國聯軍攻入天津，直隸總督及家人這種死法. 2019-02-16. https://kknews.cc/history/gaz6mbl.html. 
  46. ↑ 直隶总督裕禄的7个女儿 1900年6月，八国联军攻入天津，直隶总督及家人这种死法. 2022-01-02. https://www.99seba.com/news/5115826.html. Retrieved 2022-09-19. 
  47. ↑ 八国联军裕禄女眷 1900年6月，八国联军攻入天津，直隶总督及家人这种死法. 2021-12-24. https://www.shgonyu.com/liangxing/1702467.html. Retrieved 2022-09-19. 
  48. ↑ 直隶总督裕禄女儿 1900年6月，八国联军攻入天津，直隶总督及家人这种死法. 2022-01-07. https://www.philipsmacintosh.com/news/1245514.html. Retrieved 2022-09-19. 
  49. ↑ Wang, Yanning. Reverie and Reality: Poetry on Travel by Late Imperial Chinese Women (2013)Lexington Books. p. 117. ISBN 978-0739179840.
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