Mask

Three pictures of the same female mask showing how the expression changes with a tilting of the head. In these pictures, the mask was fixed to a wall with constant lighting, and only the camera moved. Japanese Noh theatre

Mask (acrylic on canvas)

World's oldest surviving mask

African ritual mask, Idoma people, Nigeria.

Farmers protect themselves from influenza in Alberta, Canada 1918.

Behind the mask the individual disappears: Street protest, London 2009.

A mask is a type of clothing which covers the face. It is similar to a veil, but more close-fitting.

Uses

There are different reasons why people use masks.^[1] A person can use a mask so others do not know who they are (as when committing a crime). Or, a mask may keep someones face safe from harm (like a gas mask so harmful gases do not get into the lungs).

There are many practical uses for masks in everyday life. Mostly, the masks used are semi-masks which cover only the bottom half of the face, the mouth and nose. An example is the use of masks in operating theatres, and by wood-workers. In surgery, the purpose is to keep bacteria off the patient; in wood-working the purpose is to keep wood fibres out of the lungs.

In Venetian masks only the top half of the face is covered, to prevent recognition. Ice hockey masks, used in the Hannibal Lecter movies, cover the whole face to protect it from the hockey puck moving at high speed.

Origin

The word

The word 'mask' might have come from other languages. The French masque, the Italian maschera, the Spanish máscara, the Latin (not classical) mascus/masca (meaning "ghost") or the Arabic maskharah (meaning "jester" or "man in masquerade") all use the same word.

History

One of the oldest masks found is the Death Mask. This stone mask is 9000 years old and is probably the oldest mask in the world. It is kept in Musée de la bible et Terre Sainte, Paris.

There are also three masks from the same period, kept in The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.

Masks are used in many magical or shamanistic rituals in non-western societies.^[2] The celebration or appeasement of animistic spirits takes place with dance and song in ancient performances in many parts of the world. In these events performers use costumes and masks to mimic the supposed spirits.^[3]

From this kind of beginning, the use of masks in ancient Greek theatre may have started. The actors and chorus in this early theatre all used masks.

Masks in recent times

Masks have been used to protect people against air-borne diseases. They were worn during the plague in the Middle Ages;^[4] during the influenza epidemic of 1918, and the COVID-19 epidemic. Gas masks were issued in World War II even though phosgene gas was never used in that war (it had been in WWI).

2019-20 coronavirus pandemic

During the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, a new variation of trikini, with two pieces for the body and a face mask was designed.^[5] Indian film actress Kajol popularized the idea of this trikini.^[6]

Figurative uses

There are some other uses of the word 'mask', which arise by extension. That means using 'mask' as a metaphor. In film a mask is a screen which cuts out part of the image. In social theory, a mask is the behaviour a person takes on in his role or job. Thus policemen, head teachers, army commanders, prime ministers act as they are expected to act (most of the time). The inference is that behind the mask is the 'real' person. Their role is a mask. As a verb, 'to mask' means to cover or hide.

Mask Media

Papierkrattler masks at the Narrensprung 2005 Carnival parade, Ravensburg, Germany
The so-called 'Mask of Agamemnon', a 16th-century BC mask discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1876 at Mycenae, Greece, National Archaeological Museum, Athens
Funeral mask of K'inich Janaab' Pakal at the National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)
Theatrical masks of Tragedy and Comedy. Mosaic, Roman mosaic, second century AD
Batak mask dance at a funeral feast in the Dutch East Indies, 1930s
Stuttgart, Linden-Museum* * links: Aufsatzmaske, mit Antilopenhaut überzogenes Holz, Zinn, Baumwolle, Pflanzenfasern; Ekoi (Kamerun), Inv. Nr. 45455 * rechts: Aufsatzmaske, Holz ohne Hautüberzug, Zinn, Knochen, Pflanzenfasern; Ekoi (Kamerun), Inv. Nr. 47707
Fang mask used for the ngil ceremony, an inquisitorial search for sorcerers. Wood, Gabon, 19th century
Asaro mudman holding mask, Papua New Guinea
Kwakwaka'wakw ritual mask (painted wood, fiber, and cord)
Aztec mask of Xiuhtecuhtli, c. 1500, of Mixtec-Aztec provenance