Mental illness
A mental illness is an illness of the mind. The term includes psychiatric disorder, psychological disorder, mental disease, mental breakdown, nervous breakdown, mental health conditions.[2] People with a mental illness may behave in strange ways or have strange thoughts. Mental illnesses can affect the day-to-day functioning of a person.
Mental illnesses develop during the life of a person. This may be linked to genes and experience. What is considered as a mental illness has changed over time. What is considered to be a mental illness may not be one in a different culture. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) by the American Psychiatric Association is used around the world.
People with a mental illness sometimes have problems dealing with other people, or struggle with daily functioning. Treatment and certain medications can help people with daily functioning.
In some cases, mental illnesses change the way the brain works. Many conditions which affect the brain are not mental illnesses, as they do not change the way in which people think: Neither epilepsy nor Parkinson's disease is a mental illness, yet both affect the brain.
Common mental problems
According to the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health in the United States, the most common type of disability in the United States is major mental illnesses (which include major depression, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder).
Thirty-three percent of North American adults will have a mental illness in a given year, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness. But in more than half of these cases, the mental illness is not bad enough to disrupt daily life activities.
Partly inherited
There is a genetic basis which makes some people more likely to develop mental illness. A study published in The Lancet, a medical journal, found the same set of genetic markers in people with five different disorders: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, major depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[3]
Treatment of mental illnesses
Mental illnesses can be treated by:
- medication
- Therapy
- Psychoeducation
- Lifestyle changes
Some more controversial treatments include
Violence
Even though the media show this differently, studies have shown that people with a severe mental illness are not necessarily violent. Statistically, violence is often caused by factors such as drug abuse, or those related to the personal, social and economic situation.[4]
Findings show that people with a mental illness that live in the community will be victims of violence more often that they will be those starting or spreading it.[5][6] A study that looked at people diagnosed with "severe mental illness" living in a US inner-city area found that a quarter of them had been victims of at least one violent crime over the course of a year; this proportion was eleven times higher than the average.[7] For people which have been diagnosed with a mental illness it is more difficult to get a trial started, because fewer people believe them, and many people have a prejudice against people with a mental illness.[8]
There are a few specific diagnoses which are defined by conduct problems and violence. These include conditions such as childhood conduct disorder, adult antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy. There are conflicting findings about how much specific symptoms are linked to an increase in violent behaviour. These symptoms include psychosis (hallucinations or delusions) that can occur in disorders such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder or mood disorder. The factors that lead to violent behaviour are more often demographic or economic in nature, such as being young, male, of lower socioeconomic status or of abusing drugs, including alcoholism, to which some people are particularly vulnerable.[5][9][10][11]
Ableism
Some studies show that disabled people are sometimes treated badly.[12] For example, people with mental illness may deal with ableism.[13] An example of ableism is insults, for example calling a mentally ill person a retard.[14]
High-profile cases have led to fears that serious crimes, such as homicide, have increased because people with certain mental illnesses are not treated in specialized institutions, but the evidence does not support this conclusion.[11][15] Violence that does occur in relation to mental disorder (against the mentally ill or by the mentally ill) typically occurs in the context of complex social interactions, often in a family setting rather than between strangers.[16] It is also an issue in health care settings[17] and the wider community.[18]
Mental Illness Media
The prevalence of mental illness is higher in more economically unequal countries
"Haus Tornow am See" (former manor house), Germany from 1912 is today separated into a special education school and a hotel with integrated work/job- and rehabilitation-training for people with mental disorders
Deaths from mental and behavioral disorders per million persons in 20120–6 7–9 10–15 16–24 25–31 32–39 40–53 54–70 71–99 100–356
Disability-adjusted life year for neuropsychiatric conditions per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.*
Eight patients representing mental diagnoses as of the 19th century at the Salpêtrière, Paris.
A patient in a strait-jacket and barrel contraption, 1908
The social self.
Foto scattata a Giorgio Antonucci, collaboratore di Franco Basaglia, con la sua approvazione di divulgazione nel 1975
Thomas Stephen Szasz, during his 90th birthday seminar in London.
Related pages
References
- ↑ "Green Ribbon". Mental Health Foundation. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
- ↑ "Mental illness – Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. 8 June 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ↑ Kolata, Gene 2013. Same genetic basis found in 5 types of mental disorders. The New York Times. [1]
- ↑ Elbogen, Eric B.; Johnson, SC (2009). "The Intricate Link Between Violence and Mental Disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions". Archives of General Psychiatry. 66 (2): 152–61. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.537. PMID 19188537.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Stuart H (June 2003). "Violence and mental illness: an overview". World Psychiatry. 2 (2): 121–124. PMC 1525086. PMID 16946914.
- ↑ Brekke, John S.; Prindle, C; Bae, SW; Long, JD (2001). "Risks for individuals with schizophrenia who are living in the community". Psychiatric Services. 52 (10): 1358–66. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.10.1358. PMID 11585953.
- ↑ Teplin, Linda A.; McClelland, GM; Abram, KM; Weiner, DA (2005). "Crime victimization in adults with severe mental illness: comparison with the National Crime Victimization Survey". Archives of General Psychiatry. 62 (8): 911–21. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.8.911. PMC 1389236. PMID 16061769.
- ↑ Petersilia, J.R. (2001). "Crime victims with developmental disabilities: a review essay". Criminal Justice and Behavior. 28 (6): 655–94. doi:10.1177/009385480102800601. S2CID 145599816.
- ↑ Pilgrim, David; Rogers, Anne (2005). A sociology of mental health and illness (3rd ed.). Milton Keynes: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-21583-1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[page needed] - ↑ Steadman, H.J.; Mulvey, EP; Monahan, J; Robbins, PC; Appelbaum, PS; Grisso, T; Roth, LH; Silver, E (1998). "Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods". Archives of General Psychiatry. 55 (5): 393–401. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.5.393. PMID 9596041.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Fazel, Seena; Gulati, Gautam; Linsell, Louise; Geddes, John R.; Grann, Martin (2009). McGrath, John (ed.). "Schizophrenia and violence: systematic review and meta-analysis". PLOS Medicine. 6 (8): e1000120. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000120. PMC 2718581. PMID 19668362.
- ↑ Striegel-Moore, Ruth H., et al. Abuse, bullying, and discrimination as risk factors for binge eating disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 159.11 (2002): 1902-1907.
- ↑ Eisenhauer, Jennifer. 2007. Just looking and staring back: challenging ableism through disability performance art. Studies in Art Education 49.1 2007: 7-22.
- ↑ Saczkowski, Thomas. Narratives of violence: The relationship of masculinity and ableism. Diss. 2011.
- ↑ Taylor, P. J.; Gunn, J. (1999). "Homicides by people with mental illness: Myth and reality". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 174: 9–14. doi:10.1192/bjp.174.1.9. PMID 10211145. S2CID 24432329.
- ↑ Solomon, P. L.; Cavanaugh, MM; Gelles, RJ (2005). "Family violence among adults with severe mental illness: a neglected area of research". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 6 (1): 40–54. doi:10.1177/1524838004272464. PMID 15574672. S2CID 20067766.
- ↑ Chou, Kuei-Ru; Lu, Ru-Band; Chang, Min (2001). "Assaultive behavior by psychiatric in-patients and its related factors". Journal of Nursing Research. 9 (5): 139–51. doi:10.1097/01.JNR.0000347572.60800.00. PMID 11779087.
- ↑ Logdberg, B.; Nilsson, L.-L.; Levander, M. T.; Levander, S. (2004). "Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 110 (2): 92–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00322.x. PMID 15233709. S2CID 12605241.