Mosasaur

Mosasaurs were large, predatory marine reptiles of the Late Cretaceous. The first fossil mosasaur, Mosasaurus hoffmanni, was found in the Netherlands in 1776.^p7 It was named in 1822 by W.D. Conybeare.

Mosasaur Temporal range: Late Cretaceous,
Scientific classification
Unrecognized taxon (fix):	Platynota
Superfamily:	Mosasauroidea Gervais, 1853
Subgroups
†Aigialosauridae †Mosasauridae Gervais, 1853 †Halisaurinae †Natantia Owen, 1851 †Mosasaurinae †Russellosaurina †Carsosaurus †Haasiasaurus †Komensaurus †Plioplatecarpinae †Tethysaurinae †Tylosaurinae †Yaguarasaurinae

For the last 20 million years of the Cretaceous period after the extinction of the ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs, mosasaurs became the dominant marine predators. They became extinct at the K-Pg event at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago.

Discovery and interpretation

The first specimen was found in a chalk quarry in Maastricht, Holland. It was found by a German army surgeon, Johann Hoffmann, who collected fossils for the Haarlem Museum. During a struggle for ownership, the skeletal parts went to the museum, whilst the skull stayed with the owner of the land, who refused to let anyone see it.

The true identity of the monster was explained by Georges Cuvier. In 1795 French troops were outside Maastricht, and Cuvier arranged for the large skull to be saved when they stormed the town.

Habitat

Thousands of fossils have been found, from every continent. There are about 40 known species. Most skeletons have been found in North America in chalk laid down in the Western Interior Seaway.

An interesting fact is that ichthyosaurs had died out by the middle of the Upper Cretaceous, and plesiosaurs and sea-going crocodiles were in decline. The reasons for this are not known. It is this large marine predator niche that mosasaurs occupied. They flourished in the later Cretaceous, only to become extinct at the K/T extinction event.

Size

The type species was estimated to be 33' (10m) long. The famous Mosasaurus had four paddle-like limbs on a long, streamlined body and a long, powerful tail. The large head had huge jaws, up to 4 ft (1.2 m long) with many teeth. The jaws could open about 3 feet (1 m). The lower jaw is loosely hinged to the skull with a moveable joint on each side (behind the teeth). This loose joint let it swallow huge prey. They would have hunted fish, turtles, molluscs, and shellfish. Ammonites have been found bearing mosasaur teeth marks.

The smallest-known mosasaur was Carinodens, which was about 3.0 metres (9.8 ft) to 3.5 metres (11 ft) long and probably lived in shallow waters near shore, cracking molluscs and sea urchins with its bulbous teeth. Larger mosasaurs were more typical: mosasaurs ranged in size up to 17 metres (56 ft). A Hainosaurus holds the record for longest mosasaur, at 17.5 metres (57 ft).

The large size of mosasaurs, like whales, meant they were more likely to be warm-blooded than cold-blooded.

Other genera

Many other genera of mosasaur have since been found, for example, Tylosaurus. Mosasaurus maximus was found at Onion Creek, Texas. All have the same general body style and pattern of life, though some, like Prognathodon, had crushing teeth for dealing with shellfish. Present thought is that their closest living relatives are the monitors.

Popular mosasaurs

Some of the most famous mosasaurs are Tylosaurus, Prognathodon and Mosasaurus.

Mosasaur Media

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  Life restoration of a mosasaur (Platecarpus tympaniticus) informed by fossil skin impressions

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  Fossil shell of ammonite Placenticeras whitfieldi showing punctures caused by the bite of a mosasaur, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale

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  Scales of Tylosaurus proriger (KUVP-1075)

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  Soft tissues in the head and neck of Platecarpus tympaniticus specimen LACM 128319: Tracheal rings are shown in the bottom three photographs.

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  Fibrous tissues and microstructures recovered from Prognathodon specimen IRSNB 1624

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  Fossil jaw fragment of a mosasaurid reptile from Dolní Újezd by Litomyšl, Czech Republic

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  The Mosasaurus hoffmannii skull found in Maastricht between 1770 and 1774

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  Restoration of Opetiosaurus bucchichi, a basal mosasauroid

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  Life restoration of a mosasaurine, Globidens alabamaensis