Odyssey
The Odyssey is a major Ancient Greek epic poem. It was written by Homer, as a sequel to the Iliad. In its origin it was an oral epic poem from Mycenaean Greece, about the 11th century BC. The hero of the poem is Odysseus, or Ulysses as he is called in Latin; the poem is mythological, not historical.
The poem is the story about Odysseus's ten-year-long voyage home to Ithaca after the Trojan War.[1] The Trojan War is the subject of the Iliad. At the same time, his wife Penelope has to fight off a lot of men who want to marry her; and his son Telemachos searches for him.
Along the way, Odysseus and his men have to fight monsters and many other dangers. The main events (places he goes, creatures and people he meets) of Odysseus' journey are:
- the Kikones
- the Lotus Eaters
- the Cyclops Polyphemus
- Aeolus, King of the winds
- the Laistrygones
- the sorceress Circe
- the Underworld
- the Sirens
- the sea monsters Scylla and Charybdis
- Helios' cattle
- the nymph Calypso
- the Phaeacians
Story
It is the story of the return of Ulysses after the Trojan War (Iliad)
The Cyclops
On his journey home, Odysseus lands on the island of the Cyclops Polyphemus. They go inside his cave at the sight of sheep, cheese and milk. Polyphemus catches them and eats some of Odysseus' men. Odysseus tricks and blinds him and they escape. The Cyclops prays to his father Poseidon that Odysseus would not get home to Ithaca and if he was fated to make it home, Odysseus would lose all of his men, his ship and find trouble at home. This prayer becomes the plot line of the Odyssey.
The Sirens
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Odysseus and his ship have to pass the Sirens' island. The Sirens were always singing very beautifully, so sailors would try to go to them, but their ships would get destroyed, and they would die. Odysseus tells his men to put wax in their ears, so they will not hear the song of the sirens. He also tells his men to bind him to the ship's mast, so he cannot go to the sirens when he hears their song. His men can then look at Odysseus and see when he cannot hear the sirens anymore, because he is calm again. Then they can take the wax out of their ears, and free Odysseus.
Calypso
After escaping from the sea, and the death of his men, Odysseus comes to the island Ogygia. On this island lives the nymph Calypso, and Odysseus stayed with her for seven years. But then the god Hermes came and told her that the gods said that she had to let Odysseus go. Calypso promised Odysseus immortality (that he would live forever) if he stayed, but he wanted to go back to his wife Penelope. So Odysseus built a raft and left her.
The Phaeacians
After a storm, Odysseus comes to the island of the Phaeacians. There he is found by the king's daughter Nausicaä. Nausicaä brings him to the palace of her father, King Alkinoos. During his time there, Odysseus tell the story of his journey. After this, Alkinoos gives Odysseus a ship and sends him home to Ithaca.
Return home
During all this time, Penelope has been keeping the suitors at bay with a ruse (trick). She promises "I will choose when I have finished weaving this cloth", the cloth being a burial cloth for Odysseus' father. However, every night her servant unpicks the work of the previous day. The story is made more real by Penelope becoming restless. The goddess Athena causes Penelope to feel the need to display herself, and fan the flames of the suitors' desire.
Odysseus finally returns to Ithaca, where he disguises himself as a beggar. He goes to his home and meets his son Telemachus. Together they kill the suitors, who are trying to marry Penelope in order to gain his kingdom. Later, the families of the suitors come to kill Odysseus for revenge. The goddess Athena helps Odysseus by making them stop and give up the fight.
Odyssey Media
A mosaic depicting Odysseus, from the villa of La Olmeda, Pedrosa de la Vega, Spain, late 4th–5th centuries AD
Odysseus Overcome by Demodocus' Song, by Francesco Hayez, 1813–15
Odysseus and the Sirens, eponymous vase of the Siren Painter, c. 480–470 BC (British Museum)
Athena Revealing Ithaca to Ulysses by Giuseppe Bottani (18th century)
Odysseus discovers Penelope has devised tricks to delay the suitors whilst he has been away: Penelope and the Suitors by John William Waterhouse
Terracotta plaque of the Mesopotamian ogre Humbaba, believed to be a possible inspiration for the figure of Polyphemus
Notes
- The English word odyssey, meaning long journey, comes from this poem.
- The Roman name for Odysseus is Ulysses.
- James Joyce's 1922 book Ulysses is based on the book by Homer, but it is very different.
References
- ↑ Renshaw, James; Knights, Sally; Buckley, Paul (2009). OCR Classical Civilisation Reader for GCSE. Oxford University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780198325970.
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Wikisource has original writing related to this article: |
- Odyssey -Citizendium