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R (programming language)

R is a programming language and free software environment for statistics.[5][6][7][8][9][10] R is a language built for a specific purpose. It is strictly designed for statistical analysis. The algorithms for many statistical models are devised in R. Precisely R is the language of Statistical Analyzers. It’s an open source and the best suite for the statisticians to develop statistical softwares.

R
R logo.svg
R terminal.jpg
Appeared inAugust 1993; 31 years ago (1993-08)[1]
Designed byRoss Ihaka and Robert Gentleman (statistician)
DeveloperR Core Team[2]
Stable release(codename "") / Error: first parameter is missing. ()
Influenced by
InfluencedJulia[3]
LicenseGNU GPL v2[4]
Usual filename extensions
  • .r
  • .rdata
  • .rds
  • .rda
Website{{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
Wikibooks logo R Programming at Wikibooks

Usage in other areas

The R language was originally made for statistics. But today, it is also used in many scientific fields including ecology.[11][12]

Development history

A list of changes in R releases is maintained in various "news" files at CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network).[13] Some highlights are listed below for several major releases.

Release Date Description
0.16 This is the last test version.
0.49 1997-04-23 This is the oldest source release which is currently available on CRAN.[14] CRAN is started on this date, with 3 mirrors that initially hosted 12 packages.[15]
0.60 1997-12-05 R becomes an official part of the GNU Project. The code is hosted and maintained on CVS.
0.65.1 1999-10-07 First versions of update.packages and install.packages functions for downloading and installing packages from CRAN.[16]
1.0 2000-02-29 The developers declared that it is stable enough for production use.[17]
1.4 2001-12-19 S4 methods are introduced and the first version for Mac OS X is made available soon after.
1.8 2003-10-08 Introduced a flexible condition handling mechanism for signalling and handling condition objects.
2.0 2004-10-04 Introduced fast loading of data with minimal expense of system memory.
2.1 2005-04-18 Support for UTF-8 encoding. They also started of internationalization and localization for different languages.
2.6.2 2008-02-08 Last version to support Windows 95, 98, Me and NT 4.0[18]
2.11 2010-04-22 Support for Windows 64 bit systems.
2.12.2 2011-02-25 Last version to support Windows 2000[19]
2.13 2011-04-14 Adding a new compiler function that allows speeding up functions by converting them to byte-code.
2.14 2011-10-31 Added mandatory namespaces for packages. Added a new parallel package.
2.15 2012-03-30 New load balancing functions. Improved serialization speed for long vectors.
3.0.0 2013-04-03 Support for numeric index values 231 and larger on 64 bit systems.
3.3.3 2017-03-06 Last version to support Microsoft Windows XP.
3.4.0 2017-04-21 Just-in-time compilation (JIT) of functions and loops to byte-code enabled by default.
3.5.0 2018-04-23 Packages byte-compiled on installation by default. Compact internal representation of integer sequences. Added a new serialization format to support compact internal representations.
3.6.0 2019-04-26
4.0.0 2020-04-24

Communities

R has local communities worldwide for users to share ideas and learn.[20][21]

There are a growing number of R events bringing its users together, such as conferences (e.g. useR!, WhyR?, conectaR, SatRdays)[22][23] and other meetups.[24]

useR! conferences

The official annual gathering of R users is called "useR!".[25] The first such event was useR! 2004 in May 2004, Vienna, Austria.[26] After skipping 2005, the useR! conference has been held annually.[27] Subsequent conferences have included:[25]

Future conferences planned are as follows:[25][28]

The R Journal

The R Journal is the open access refereed journal of the R project. It features articles on the use and development of the R language.

Basic syntax

The following examples illustrate the basic syntax of the language and use of the command-line interface.

In R, the generally preferred[29] assignment operator is an arrow made from two characters <-. Although = can be used instead.[30] <syntaxhighlight lang="rout"> > x <- 1:6 # Create vector. > y <- x^2 # Create vector by formula. > print(y) # Print the vector’s contents. [1] 1 4 9 16 25 36

> mean(y) # Arithmetic mean of vector. [1] 15.16667

> var(y) # Sample variance of vector. [1] 178.9667

> model <- lm(y ~ x) # Linear regression model y = A + B * x. > print(model) # Print the model’s results.

Call: lm(formula = y ~ x)

Coefficients: (Intercept) x 

    -9.333        7.000

> summary(model) # Display an in-depth summary of the model.

Call: lm(formula = y ~ x)

Residuals: 

     1       2       3       4       5       6
3.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667  3.3333

Coefficients: 

           Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) -9.3333 2.8441 -3.282 0.030453 * x 7.0000 0.7303 9.585 0.000662 *** --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.9583, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9478 F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF, p-value: 0.000662

> par(mfrow = c(2, 2)) # Create a 2 by 2 layout for figures. > plot(model) # Output diagnostic plots of the model. </syntaxhighlight>

 

R (programming Language) Media

  • Ross Ihaka, co-originator of R

  • Robert Gentleman, co-originator of R

  • Violin plot created from the R visualization package ggplot2

  • "Mandelbrot.gif" graphic created in R. (Note: Colors differ from actual output.)

  • CD of version 1.0.0 of R, autographed by members of the R core team.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ihaka, Ross (1998). R : Past and Future History (PDF). Interface '98 (Technical report). Statistics Department, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
  2. ↑ Hornik, Kurt (November 26, 2015). "R FAQ". The Comprehensive R Archive Network. 2.1 What is R?. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
  3. ↑ "Introduction". The Julia Manual. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  4. ↑ "R license". r-project. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
  5. ↑ Crawley, M. J. (2012). The R book. John Wiley & Sons.
  6. ↑ Dalgaard, P. (2008). Introductory statistics with R. Springer.
  7. ↑ Maronna, R. A., Martin, R. D., & Yohai, V. J. (2019). Robust statistics: theory and methods (with R). John Wiley & Sons.
  8. ↑ Ugarte, M. D., Militino, A. F., & Arnholt, A. T. (2008). Probability and Statistics with R. CRC Press.
  9. ↑ Bruce, P., Bruce, A., & Gedeck, P. (2020). Practical Statistics for Data Scientists: 50+ Essential Concepts Using R and Python. O'Reilly Media.
  10. ↑ Kruschke, J. (2014). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan. Academic Press.
  11. ↑ Borcard, D., Gillet, F., & Legendre, P. (2018). Numerical ecology with R. Springer.
  12. ↑ Bolker, B. M. (2008). Ecological models and data in R. Princeton University Press.
  13. ↑ Changes in versions 3.0.0 onward: "R News". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 2014-07-03. Earlier change logs (by major release number):
    • "NEWS". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
    • "NEWS.3". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
    • "NEWS.2". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
    • "NEWS.1". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
    • "NEWS.0". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
  14. ↑ "Index of /src/base/R-0".
  15. ↑ "ANNOUNCE: CRAN".
  16. ↑ https://cran.r-project.org/src/base/NEWS.0
  17. ↑ Peter Dalgaard. "R-1.0.0 is released". Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  18. ↑ https://cran-archive.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/old/2.7.0/CHANGES.R-2.7.0
  19. ↑ "R FAQ". Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  20. ↑ "Local R User Group Directory". Revolutions Blog. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  21. ↑ A list of R conferences and meetings. Jumping Rivers. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  22. ↑ "official website of WhyR? conference". WhyR?. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  23. ↑ "SatRdays listing". SatRdays. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  24. ↑ "R Project for Statistical Computing". Meetup. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "R: Conferences". r-project.org. 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  26. ↑ "useR! 2004 - The R User Conference". 27 May 2004. Archived from the original on 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  27. ↑ R Project (9 August 2013). "R-related Conferences". Retrieved 2019-08-15.
  28. ↑ "UseR! 2021 - The R User Conference". Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  29. ↑ most used assignment operator in R is <-
  30. ↑ R Development Core Team. "Assignments with the = Operator". Retrieved 2018-09-11.

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