Influenza pandemic of 1918
The Influenza pandemic of 1918 (commonly known as the Spanish flu) lasted for nearly three years, from March 1918 to December 1920.[1] About 500 million[1] people were infected across the world, which had at the time a population of 1.80 billion people. The pandemic spread to remote Pacific Islands and the Arctic. It killed 50 million[2] to 100 million people.[3] This was three to five percent of the world's population at the time.[3] It was one of the greatest natural disasters in human history.[1][4][5][6]
To keep up morale, wartime censors reduced reports of illness and mortality in Germany, Britain (United Kingdom), France, and the United States.[7][8] Papers could report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII). This situation created the false impression of Spain being especially hard-hit.[9] It also resulted in the nickname Spanish flu.[10]
Often, influenza outbreaks kill young people, or the elderly, or those patients that are already weakened. This was not the case for the 1918 pandemic, which killed mainly healthy young adults. Modern research, using virus taken from the bodies of frozen victims, has concluded that the virus kills through a cytokine storm (overreaction of the body's immune system). The strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body. But, the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults caused fewer deaths among those groups.[11]
There is not enough historical and epidemiological data to show where the pandemic started.[1] The pandemic may be a cause of the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s.[12]
Another swine flu pandemic had happened in the 21st century that turned out to be new strain of H1N1. The outbreak began in Mexico and then the United States and to the world.
Gallery
Number of deaths in New York City, Berlin, Paris, and London (Museum of Health & Medicine, Washington), c. 1918–1919
Two American Red Cross nurses demonstrated treatment practices during the influenza pandemic of 1918.
Albertan farmers wore masks to protect themselves from the flu.
Policemen wearing masks provided by the American Red Cross in Seattle, 1918
A street car conductor in Seattle in 1918 refusing to allow passengers aboard who are not wearing masks
Red Cross workers remove a flu victim in St. Louis, Missouri (1918)
Influenza ward at Walter Reed Hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918–1919
Burying flu victims, North River, Newfoundland and Labrador (1918)
1919 Tokyo, Japan
Japanese poster in 1919
Demonstration at the Red Cross Emergency Ambulance Station in Washington, D.C., during the influenza pandemic of 1918
Cavalry memorial on the hill Lueg, memory of the Bernese cavalrymen victims of the 1918 flu pandemic; Emmental, Bern, Switzerland
Influenza Pandemic Of 1918 Media
Advertisement in The Times, 28 June 1918 for Formamint tablets to prevent "Spanish influenza"
Seattle policemen wearing cloth face masks handed out by the American Red Cross during the Spanish flu pandemic, December 1918
An article naming wealthy socialites for violating city law banning public gatherings, Chicago Tribune, October 19, 1918. Named violators include Joan Pinkerton Chalmers, daughter of Pinkertons private police founder Allan Pinkerton.
American Expeditionary Force flu patients at U.S. Army Camp Hospital no. 45 in Aix-les-Bains, France, 1918
Mars, god of war, plays a "tragic game of football" with a skeleton personification of the Spanish flu, November 1918
London weekly deaths from influenza during 1918 and 1919
Black and white poster of a Red Cross nurse with a gauze mask over her nose and mouth. Text next to the image provides public health information "To prevent influenza!" Photograph by Paul Thompson (1878 - 1940). Published in New Haven, Conn. : Illustrated Current News, 1918.
American Red Cross nurses tend to flu patients in temporary wards set up inside the Oakland Municipal Auditorium
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Taubenberger JK; Morens DM 2006. 1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12 (1) (2006). p. 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
- ↑ The threat of pandemic influenza: are we ready? Workshop summary (2005). Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. p. 60–61.[dead link]
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Historical Estimates of World Population. United States Census Bureau (July 9, 2015)United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
- ↑ Patterson KD; Pyle GF 1991. The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 65 (1) (1991)Johns Hopkins University. p. 4–21.
- ↑ Billings, Molly. The Influenza Pandemic of 1918. virus.stanford.edu (June 1997)Stanford University. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
- ↑ Johnson NP; Mueller J 2002. Updating the accounts: Global mortality of the 1918–1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 76 (1) (2002). p. 105–15. doi:10.1353/bhm.2002.0022.
- ↑ Valentine, Vikki. Origins of the 1918 Pandemic: the case for France. NPR.org (August 20, 2008)National Public Radio (NPR). Retrieved February 4, 2016.
- ↑ Anderson, Susan. Analysis of Spanish flu cases in 1918–1920 suggests transfusions might help in bird flu pandemic. EurekAlert.org: The Global Source for Science News (August 29, 2006)American College of Physicians. Retrieved Feb 4, 2016.
- ↑ Barry, John M.. The Great Influenza: the epic story of the greatest plague in history (2004)Viking Penguin. p. 171. ISBN 0-670-89473-7.
- ↑ Galvin, John. Spanish Flu Pandemic: 1918. Popular Mechanics (July 31, 2007)Hearst Communications, Inc.. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
- ↑ Tisoncik JR; Korth MJ; et al. 2012. Into the Eye of the Cytokine Storm. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76 (1) (2012). p. 16–32. doi:10.1128/MMBR.05015-11.
- ↑ Vilensky JA; Foley P; et al 2007. Children and encephalitis lethargica: A historical review. Pediatric Neurology 37 (2) (2007)Elsevier. p. 79–84. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.04.012.