Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire existed in the 13th and the 14th centuries and was one of the largest land empires in history. The original homeland of the Mongols was bounded by the Khingan Mountains to the east, the Altai and the Tian Mountains to the west, the Shilka River and the mountain ranges by Lake Baikal to the north, and the Great Wall of China to the south.

Mongol Kingdom ꡏꡡꡃꡢꡂꡡꡙ ꡢꡂꡋ ꡓꡙꡓꡛ
1206–1368
Expansion of Mongol Empire on modern political map      Golden Horde     Chagatai Khanate     Ilkhanate     Yuan Dynasty      Expansion of Mongol Empire on modern political map      Golden Horde     Chagatai Khanate     Ilkhanate     Yuan Dynasty
Status	Khanate
Capital	Karakorum
Common languages	Mongolian
Religion	Tengrism Buddhism (Ilkhanate, Yuan dynasty) Islam (Golden hordes, Chagatai khanate and Ilkhanate later)
Government	monarchy
• Khan	Genghis Khan (first), Togon Temür (last)
Establishment
• Establishment	1206
• Fall of Yuan Dynasty	1368
• Fall of Golden Horde	1502
Area
• Total	23,000,000 km2 (8,900,000 sq mi)
Preceded by Succeeded by Khamag Mongol Khwarazmian Empire Qara Khitai Jin dynasty Southern Song dynasty Western Xia Abbasid Caliphate Nizari Ismaili state Kievan Rus' Volga Bulgaria Cumania Alania Dali Kingdom Kimek–Kipchak confederation Sultanate of Rum Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Ilkhanate Yuan dynasty

Part of a series on the
History of Xinjiang
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Ancient period Tocharians Yuezhi Xiongnu Western Regions (Han Protectorate; Chief Officials) Kingdom of Khotan Former Liang Former Qin Later Liang Western Liang Gaochang Rouran First Turkic Khaganate Western Turkic Khaganate Eastern Turkic Khaganate Second Turkic Khaganate
Medieval and early modern period Tang Protectorates (West; Beiting) Tibetan Empire Uyghur Khaganate Kara-Khanid Khanate Kingdom of Qocho Qara Khitai Mongol Empire (Yuan; Chagatai Khanate) Moghulistan (Turpan; Yarkent) Ming ruled Kara Del Dzungar Khanate Kumul Khanate Yettishar Qing rule (Dzungar genocide Dungan Revolt Qing reconquest)
Modern period Xinjiang Province, Republic of China (Xinjiang clique 1st East Turkestan Republic 2nd East Turkestan Republic) Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Production and Construction Corps Xinjiang conflict Xinjiang internment camps / Persecution of Uyghurs in China)

It was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206 AD, when he brought together the Mongol and Turkic tribes. When he died in 1227 AD, he had conquered Central Asia, northern China, and parts of eastern Persia. Later, his grandson Kublai Khan went on to expand the empire and found the Mongol-ruled Yuan dynasty, which ruled over all of China. The Mongol Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to East Asia, including Central Asia and the Middle East. Its power did not last long since by the 1360s, it had broken into several empires, all of which were later destroyed.

One of Shi Tianze's sons married a daughter of the Mongol official Menggu Baer (Meng-ku Pa-erh), according to an epitaph that Hu Zhiyu wrote. The son is mentioned as having served as Minister of the Right. Shi Jiang (Shih Chiang) and Shi Ge (Shih Ko) among the eight sons of Shi Tianze were Minister of the Right and could be either one of them. Shi Tianze, who was Han himself had two Jurchen wives, one Korean wife and one Han wife. The National History Project of the Mongol Empire under Kublai Khan was supervised and directed by Shi Tianze, who was the Chancellor of the Left, and was recommended by Wang E (Wang O) in August 1261 after the National History Academy and the Hanlin Academy were recreatd.

Menggu Baer served as an official in China and was known for his leniency and kindness towards commoners.

Mongol Empire Media

• Kur Ulug Ulus.jpg

  The name kür uluγ ulus in the letter from Güyük Khan to Pope Innocent IV

• Mongol Empire polities circa 1200.png

  The major tribes of the Mongolian plateau and nearby polities in the early thirteenth century.

• 

  Genghis Khan, National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan

• Mongol Empire c.1207.png

  Mongol Empire c. 1207

• CoronationOfOgodei1229.jpg

  Coronation of Ögedei Khan in 1229 as the successor of Genghis Khan. By Rashid al-Din, early 14th century.

• Sacking of Suzdal by Batu Khan.jpg

  The sack of Suzdal by Batu Khan in 1238, miniature from a 16th-century chronicle

• Batu Khan on the Throne by Rashid al-Din.jpg

  Batu Khan consolidates the Golden Horde

• LetterGuyugToInnocence.jpg

  Güyük Khan demanding Pope Innocent IV's submission. The 1246 letter was written in Persian (preamble in Turkic)

• 

  A stone turtle at the site of the Mongol capital, Karakorum.

Other websites

• Genghis Khan and the Mongols
• The Mongol Empire Archived 2012-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
• Mongols Archived 2005-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
• Genghis Khan Biography Archived 2012-01-12 at the Wayback Machine
• The Mongols in World History
• The Mongol Empire for students Archived 2008-06-04 at the Wayback Machine