Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta (1304 – 1368 or 1369) was a Moroccan explorer. He is known for the account of his journeys called the Rihla ("Voyage"). He travelled for nearly 30 years and covered most of the Islamic world. He also explored West Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China. This distance was more than Marco Polo travelled; about 75,000 kilometres (47,000 mi). Ibn Battuta was considered the greatest traveller of the medieval period. Battuta also made maps that were used by cartographers. He also met Mohammad Bin Tughlaq and wrote a book called "The Travels Of Ibn Battutta". Ibn Battuta was born on February 24, 1304 in Tangier. His family consisted of judges and scholars of Islamic law. At age 21, Ibn Battuta started his long exploration when he went on the Hajj. This is a year-long pilgrimage that brings Muslims closer to God. Ibn Battuta first went across North Africa (Maghreb), to the great port Alexandria in 1326. Ibn Battuta spent 30 years visiting every Muslim country of his day. He recorded details about the social and political life he saw on his journeys.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] He gave information all about Muhammad Bin Tuglaq.
Ibn Battuta met a Syrian Arab Damascene girl who was a slave of a black African governor in Mali. Ibn Battuta engaged in a conversation with her in Arabic. [9][10][11] The black man was a scholar of Islam and his name was Farba Sulayman. He was openly violating the rule in Islam against enslaving Arabs.[12][13]
Christians became part of harems as slaves in the Balkans and Asia Minor when the Turks invaded. Muslim qadis owned Christian slave girls. Greek girls who were pretty were forced into prostitution after being enslaved to Turks who took all their earnings in the 14th century according to Ibn Battuta.[14]
Ibn Battuta Media
Old City of Sana'a, Yemen
The port and waterfront of Zeila
The Great Mosque of Kilwa Kisiwani, made of coral stones, is the largest Mosque of its kind.
Ibn Battuta may have met Andronikos III Palaiologos in late 1332.
Bactrian camel (one of the symbols of Silk Road caravans) in front of Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in the city of Turkestan, Kazakhstan
Flag of the Golden Horde during the reign of Öz Beg Khan
Tomb of Feroze Shah Tughluq, successor of Muhammad bin Tughluq in Delhi. Ibn Battuta served as a qadi or judge for six years during Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign.
Ibn Battuta in 1334 visited the shrine of Baba Farid in Pakpattan.
Notes
- ↑ Madelung, Wilferd. "Ibn Battuta." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2013. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. APA:
- ↑ Fritze, Ronald. "Ibn Battuta." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
- ↑ "Abu Abdallah Ibn Battuta." Explorers & Discoverers of the World. Gale, 1993.Biography in Context. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. Levinson, David. "Ibn Battuta." Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Ed. Karen Christensen and David Levinson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. Biography in Context. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
- ↑ Ibn Batuta. The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa: A.D. 1325-1354 (Issue 110 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society) (1958)Published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press. p. 136. ISBN 0904180670.
- ↑ Guthrie, Shirley. Arab Women in the Middle Ages: Private Lives and Public Roles (2001)Saqi. p. 184, 205. ISBN 0863567738.
- ↑ The Clique, Part 3 (1968)The Clique.. p. 39.
- ↑ Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies, Volume 6, Issues 1-2 (1999)University of Karachi. p. 25.
- ↑ Freeman-Grenville, Greville Stewart Parker. Historical Atlas of the Middle East (1993)Simon & Schuster. p. 68. ISBN 0133909158.
- ↑ King, Noel Quinton. Christian and Muslim in Africa (1971)Harper & Row. p. 22. ISBN 0060647094.
- ↑ Fisher, Humphrey J.. Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa (2001)NYU Press. p. 182. ISBN 0814727166.
- ↑ Hamel, Chouki El. Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam 123 of African Studies (2014)Cambridge University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-1139620048.
- ↑ Tolmacheva, Marina A.. Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History (2017)Oxford University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0190622183.
- ↑ Harrington, Helise. Growing Up African (1971)Morrow. p. 49.
- ↑ Constantelos (Kōnstantelos), Demetrios J. (Dēmētrios I.). Poverty, Society, and Philanthropy in the Late Mediaeval Greek World 2 of Studies in the social & religious history of the mediaeval Greek world (1992)A.D. Caratzas. p. 107. ISBN 0892414014.