Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military conflict between India and Pakistan. The war sparks because of Bangladesh liberation war, on 21 November India start his invasion on East Pakistan in response West Pakistan airstrikes on Indian air bases on 3 December and all out war broke out.[30][31][32]
During the war, Indian and Pakistani forces fought on the eastern and western fronts. The war effectively came to an end after the Eastern Command of the Pakistani Armed Forces signed the Instrument of Surrender (1971) on December 16, 1971.[33][34] After the surrender, East Pakistan seceded as the independent state of Bangladesh. Around ~90,000 West Pakistanis who were in East Pakistan at the time of its independence, including some 45,000 – 79,700 Pakistan Army soldiers and paramilitary personnel[35] and 12,500 – 45,000 civilians,[35] were taken as prisoners of war by India.[36]
Timeline
Losses
Pakistan army suffered from 1,405 killed and 3078 wounded on the Western, on the Eastern front Pakistan suffered from 1,293 killed and 2,539 wounded.[17] Meanwhile Indian suffered on the both front some 30,000 killed and wounded.[17]
Major Battles
Battle of Chumb
Battle of Hilli
Tank ambush at Kushtia
Battle of Ashuganj
Battle of Fazilka
Battle of Daruchain
Battle of Hussainiwala
Western and Soviet involvement
The Soviet Union sided with the Bangladeshis, and supported the Indian Army and Mukti Bahini during the war. The Soviets thought that the independence of Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals—the United States and China. The USSR gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed, it would take counter-measures. This assurance was enshrined in the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty signed in August 1971.[37]
The United States supported Pakistan politically and with supplies. President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger feared Soviet expansion into South and Southeast Asia.[38] Pakistan was a close ally of the People's Republic of China, with whom Nixon had been negotiating a rapprochement. Nixon was planning to visit China in February 1972. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of West Pakistan would give the Soviets control over the region. It would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit ally, China. In order to demonstrate to China the bona fides of the United States as an ally, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them through Jordan and Iran,[39] while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan. The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the "genocidal" activities of the Pakistani Army in East Pakistan, most notably the Blood telegram. This prompted widespread criticism and condemnation both by Congress and in the international press.[40][41][42] The United States introduced a resolution in the UN Security Council calling for a cease-fire and the withdrawal of armed forces by India and Pakistan. It was vetoed by the Soviet Union. In the following days Nixon and Kissinger tried to get India to withdraw, but they did not succeed.[43]
President Nixon requested Iran and Jordan to send their F-86, F-104 and F-5 fighter jets in aid of Pakistan.[44]
When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal. The Enterprise and its escort ships arrived on station on 11 December 1971. According to a Russian documentary, the United Kingdom deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle to the Bay.[45]
On 6 December and 13 December, the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of cruisers and destroyers and a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok;[37] they trailed U.S. Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by USS Enterprise task force in the Indian Ocean.[46][47]
Indo-Pakistani War Of 1971 Media
- Bangladesh 1971 Liberation.jpg
An illustration showing military units and troop movements during operations in the Eastern sector of the war.
- Ussdiablo.jpg
Pakistan's PNS Ghazi sank off the fairway buoy of Visakhapatnam near the eastern coast of India, making it the first submarine casualty in the waters around the Indian subcontinent.
- 1971 Indian Aero-Naval Operations.png
Indian navy had blockaded Pakistan's trade and supply lines in Bay of Bengal in Eastern theatre; Airforce bombed and raided several towns and some cities in East Pakistan.
- INS Vikrant (R11) launches an Alize aircraft during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.jpg
Indian aircraft carrier INS Vikrant launches an Alize aircraft
- Mig21 pair during 1971 war.jpg
Indian Air Force MiG-21s during the war.
- PAF hangar at Dacca airfield after an air attack by the IAF, Dec 71.jpg
A destroyed aircraft hangar at Dacca airfield after an Indian air attack.
- Historical Pakistan.gif
The map shows Pakistan and East Pakistan; between them was 1,600 km (1,000 mi) of Indian territory.
105 mm Jonga-mounted RCL gun which destroyed most of the tanks during the Battle of Longewala
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References
- ↑ Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2.
India's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war and emergence of independent Bangladesh dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia
- ↑ Kemp, Geoffrey (2010). The East Moves West India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East. Brookings Institution Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8157-0388-4.
However, India's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India
- ↑ Byman, Daniel (2005). Deadly connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-521-83973-0.
India's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972
- ↑ Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within. Oxford University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-19-547697-2.
- ↑ Chitkara, M. G (1996). Benazir, a Profile – M. G. Chitkara. APH. ISBN 9788170247524. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ↑ Schofield, Victoria (18 January 2003). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War – Victoria Schofield. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781860648984. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Dixit, J.N. (2 September 2003). India-Pakistan in War and Peace. Routledge. ISBN 1134407572.
while the size of the Indian armed forces remained static at one million men and Pakistan's at around 350,000.
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Gill, John H. (2003). An Atlas of the 1971 India - Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh. National Defense University, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies. p. 65.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "This Vijay Diwas, remember the sacrifices and do good by our disabled soldiers". Times of India. 16 December 2018. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018.
About 3,843 Indian soldiers died in this war that resulted in the unilateral surrender of the Pakistan Army and led to the creation of Bangladesh. Among the soldiers who returned home triumphant were also 9,851 injured; many of them disabled.
- ↑ Vulnerable India: A Geographical Study of Disaster By Anu Kapur
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare, edited by Chris Bishop (Amber publishing 1997, republished 2004 pages 384–387 ISBN 1-904687-26-1)
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Tucker, Spencer (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Cold War: 5 Volumes [5 Volumes]. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-85109-701-2.
- ↑ The World: India: Easy Victory, Uneasy Peace Archived 2013-01-10 at the Wayback Machine, Time (magazine), 1971-12-27
- ↑ "Chapter 10: Naval Operations In The Western Naval Command". Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012.
- ↑ "Damage Assessment– 1971 Indo Pak Naval War". Orbat.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Major General (Retd) Fazal Muqeem Khan (1973). Pakistan's Crisis In Leadership. p. 280.
- ↑ "Pakistan Air Force Combat Expirence". Global Security. 9 July 2011.
Pakistan retaliated by causing extensive damage through a single B-57 attack on Indian naval base Okha. The bombs scored direct hits on fuel dumps, ammunition dump and the missile boats jetty.
- ↑ Dr. He Hemant Kumar Pandey & Manish Raj Singh (1 August 2017). INDIA'S MAJOR MILITARY & RESCUE OPERATIONS. Horizon Books ( A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd), 2017. p. 117.
- ↑ Col Y Udaya Chandar (Retd) (2 January 2018). Independent India's All the Seven Wars. Notion Press, 2018.
- ↑ Air Chief Marshal P C Lal (1986). My Days with the IAF. Lancer. p. 286. ISBN 978-81-7062-008-2.
- ↑ "The Battle of Longewala—The Truth". India Defence Update. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011.
- ↑ "Pakistan Air Force – Official website". Paf.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 "IAF Combat Kills – 1971 Indo-Pak Air War" (PDF). orbat.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 "The South Asia military hand book" (PDF). CIA. p. 18.
- ↑ "The Sinking of the Ghazi". Bharat Rakshak Monitor, 4(2). Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
- ↑ How west was won...on the waterfront. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040111/spectrum/book1.htm. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
- ↑ "India – Pakistan War, 1971; Western Front, Part I". acig.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ↑ "Aircraft Losses in Pakistan - 1971 War". Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
- ↑ Gill, John H. (2003). An Atlas of the 1971 India - Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh. National Defense University, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies.
- ↑ World’s shortest war lasted for only 45 minutes, Pravda, 2007-03-10
- ↑ Thiranagama, Sharika; Kelly, Tobias, eds. (2010). Traitors: suspicion, intimacy, and the ethics of state-building. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2237-1.
- ↑ [1] Archived 2007-01-02 at the Wayback Machine,
- ↑ 1971 War: 'I will give you 30 minutes'. Sify.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Haqqani, Hussain (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. United Book Press. ISBN 0-87003-223-2., Chapter 3, pp 87.
- ↑ Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-8160-6184-6.
Some 45,000 troops from West Pakistan and a similar number of civilian from west taken as prisoners of war
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 "1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain". The World Reporter. 30 October 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-11-01. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ↑ "Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume E-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972". US State Department. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
- ↑ Stephen R Shalom. "The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971". Retrieved 2009-10-20.
- ↑ "The U.S.: A Policy in Shambles". Time Magazine, 20 December 1971. 20 December 1971. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878970,00.html. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
- ↑ Hanhimäki, Jussi (2004). The flawed architect: Henry Kissinger and American foreign policy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517221-8.
- ↑ "The Nixon Administration's South Asia policy... is beyond redemption.", wrote former USAID director John Lewis. John P. Lewis (9 Dec 1971). "Mr. Nixon and South Asia". New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30915FB3D5A137A93CBA91789D95F458785F9.
- ↑ 1971 War: How the US tried to corner India. Rediff.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
- ↑ Burne, Lester H. Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1932–1988. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 041593916X.
- ↑ "British aircraft carrier 'HMS Eagle' tried to intervene in 1971 India - Pakistan war". Archived from the original on 2016-01-10. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- ↑ "Cold war games". Bharat Rakshak. Archived from the original on 2006-09-15. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
- ↑ Birth of a nation. Indianexpress.com (2009-12-11). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.