Kimmeridge clay

Cliff at Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset, England. The regular changes in the rocks (rhythmite) are caused by changes in the sea level at the time. In turn, this changes the sedimentation.

Jurassic shale cliffs of the Kimmeridge Clay formation

The Kimmeridge clay formation is a sedimentary deposit of fossiliferous marine clay and mudstones. It is of Upper Jurassic age, and occurs in Europe. It gives its name to a stage in the Upper Jurassic called the Kimmeridgian, lasting from 157.3–152.1 million years ago.

Kimmeridge clay is perhaps the most economically important unit of rocks in the whole of Europe, because it is the major source for oil fields in the North Sea.

The clay is named after the village of Kimmeridge on the Dorset coast of England, where it is well exposed and forms part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site. It exists across England, in a band stretching from Dorset in the south-west, north-east to East Anglia and Hull. The River Humber Bridge's foundations are in the Kimmeridge Clay deposits under the Humber estuary.

The fossil fauna of the Kimmeridge Clay includes a reptile fauna of turtles, crocodiles, dinosaurs, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs, as well as many invertebrate species such as Gryphaea.

Climate

The Kimmeridge Clay was laid down in an environment which is not present on the Earth today.^[1] Much of Western Europe was covered by a high sea-level: this may be related to the opening of the Atlantic. As a consequence, the UK was covered by a shallow and largely anoxic sea, perhaps less than 100m deep, with occasional landmasses.^[2]

This was shallower water than the Blue Lias of the Lower Jurassic. It was often low in oxygen, which led to its organic material being only partially decomposed. The mudstones are organic-rich, and gave rise to most of the North Sea oil.^[1]

Kimmeridge Clay Media

Exquisitely preserved fossil specimen of Thrissops from the Etches Collection. The specimen was found in the Kimmeridge Clay at Kimmeridge Bay in Dorset, England.
Took the picture at Jura-Museum, Eichstaett
Enaliosuchus, pencil drawing. Enaliosuchus was a genus of marine crocodiliform within the Metriorhynchidae famillia.
Reconstruction of the Late Jurassic seas, with Dakosaurus andiniensis in the foreground pursuing ichthyosaurs, and Cricosaurus swims in the background.
Life reconstruction showing the maximum body length for Plesiosuchus manselii.
Life reconstruction showing the maximum body length for Torvoneustes carpenteri.
Restoration of Cumnoria prestwichii
Life reconstruction of Dacentrurus armatus
Juratyrant langhami
Cuspicephalus

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Chambers, Martin 2000. The Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay. Hull Geological Society [1] Archived 2008-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Wignall, Paul B. 1990. Benthic palaeoecology of the late Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay of England. Special Papers in Palaeontology, The Palaeontological Association, London. 43. ISBN 978-0-901702-42-5 [2] Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine

[Chambers-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Chambers, Martin 2000. The Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay. Hull Geological Society [1] Archived 2008-09-25 at the Wayback Machine

[2] Wignall, Paul B. 1990. Benthic palaeoecology of the late Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay of England. Special Papers in Palaeontology, The Palaeontological Association, London. 43. ISBN 978-0-901702-42-5 [2] Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine

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