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List of current senators of Canada

Image of the Senate Chamber
The Senate Chamber in the Centre Block of Parliament Hill

This is a list of members of the Senate of Canada (French: Le Sénat du Canada), the upper house of the Canadian Parliament.

As of 20 March  2022 (2022 -03-20), there are 90 senators. 41 senators are part of the Independent Senators Group. 16 are part of senate caucus of the Conservative Party of Canada. 14 senators are part of the Progressive Senate Group. 12 are part of the Canadian Senators Group. 7 aren't part of any group.[1] 15 seats are empty.[2]

Current senators

[3] Name Senate political affiliation Province (Division)[a] Date appointed Appointed on the advice of Mandatory retirement date Titles and notes
  Anderson, Margaret DawnMargaret Dawn Anderson Progressive Senate Group Northwest Territories December 12, 2018   Trudeau, J. April 14, 2042
  Arnot, DavidDavid Arnot Independent Senators Group Saskatchewan July 29, 2021   Trudeau, J. April 16, 2027
  Ataullahjan, SalmaSalma Ataullahjan Conservative Ontario (Toronto) July 9, 2010   Harper April 29, 2027
  Audette, MichèleMichèle Audette Independent Senators Group Quebec (De Salaberry) July 29, 2021   Trudeau, J. July 20, 2046
  Batters, DeniseDenise Batters Conservative Saskatchewan January 25, 2013   Harper June 18, 2045 Expelled from the national Conservative caucus on November 16, 2021 but remains a member of the Senate Conservative Caucus.[4]
  Bellemare, DianeDiane Bellemare Progressive Senate Group Quebec (Alma) September 6, 2012   Harper October 13, 2024 Legislative Deputy to Government Representative Peter Harder until she joined the ISG, November 14, 2019.
  Bernard, Wanda ThomasWanda Thomas Bernard Progressive Senate Group Nova Scotia (East Preston) November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. August 1, 2028
  Black, RobertRobert Black Canadian Senators Group Ontario (Centre Wellington) February 15, 2018   Trudeau, J. March 27, 2037
  Boehm, PeterPeter Boehm Independent Senators Group Ontario October 3, 2018   Trudeau, J. April 26, 2029
  Boisvenu, Pierre-HuguesPierre-Hugues Boisvenu Conservative Quebec (La Salle) January 29, 2010   Harper February 12, 2024
  Boniface, GwenGwen Boniface Independent Senators Group Ontario November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. August 5, 2030
  Bovey, PatriciaPatricia Bovey Progressive Senate Group Manitoba November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. May 15, 2023
  Boyer, YvonneYvonne Boyer Independent Senators Group Ontario March 15, 2018   Trudeau, J. October 25, 2028
  Brazeau, PatrickPatrick Brazeau Non-affiliated Quebec (Repentigny) January 8, 2009   Harper November 11, 2049
  Busson, BevBev Busson Independent Senators Group British Columbia September 24, 2018   Trudeau, J. August 23, 2026
  Campbell, LarryLarry Campbell Canadian Senators Group British Columbia (Vancouver) August 2, 2005   Martin February 28, 2023
  Carignan, ClaudeClaude Carignan Conservative Quebec (Mille Isles) August 27, 2009   Harper December 4, 2039 former Representative of the Government and former Opposition Leader
  Christmas, DanielDaniel Christmas Independent Senators Group Nova Scotia December 6, 2016   Trudeau, J. September 10, 2031
  Clement, BernadetteBernadette Clement Independent Senators Group Ontario June 22, 2021   Trudeau, J. May 17, 2040
  Cordy, JaneJane Cordy Progressive Senate Group Nova Scotia June 9, 2000   Chrétien July 2, 2025 Progressive Senate Group Leader
  Cormier, RenéRené Cormier Independent Senators Group New Brunswick November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. April 27, 2031
  Cotter, BrentBrent Cotter Independent Senators Group Saskatchewan January 31, 2020   Trudeau, J. December 18, 2024
  Coyle, MaryMary Coyle Independent Senators Group Nova Scotia (Antigonish) December 4, 2017[5]   Trudeau, J. November 5, 2029
  Dagenais, Jean-GuyJean-Guy Dagenais Canadian Senators Group Quebec (Victoria) January 17, 2012   Harper February 2, 2025
  Dalphond, PierrePierre Dalphond Progressive Senate Group Quebec (De Lorimier) June 6, 2018   Trudeau, J. May 1, 2029
  Dasko, DonnaDonna Dasko Independent Senators Group Ontario June 6, 2018   Trudeau, J. August 19, 2026
  Dawson, DennisDennis Dawson Progressive Senate Group Quebec (Lauzon) August 2, 2005   Martin September 28, 2024 Progressive Senate Group Deputy Leader
  Deacon, ColinColin Deacon Independent Senators Group Nova Scotia June 15, 2018   Trudeau, J. November 1, 2034
  Deacon, MarthaMartha Deacon Independent Senators Group Ontario (Waterloo Region) February 15, 2018   Trudeau, J. April 23, 2033
  Dean, TonyTony Dean Independent Senators Group Ontario November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. August 26, 2028
  Downe, PercyPercy Downe Canadian Senators Group Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown) June 26, 2003   Chrétien July 8, 2029
  {{{last}}}, Pat Duncan[[Pat Duncan {{{last}}}|Pat Duncan {{{last}}}]] Independent Senators Group Yukon December 12, 2018   Trudeau, J. April 8, 2035
  Dupuis, RenéeRenée Dupuis Independent Senators Group Quebec (The Laurentides) November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. January 17, 2024
  Forest, ÉricÉric Forest Independent Senators Group Quebec (Gulf) November 21, 2016   Trudeau, J. April 6, 2027
  Francis, BrianBrian Francis Progressive Senate Group Prince Edward Island October 11, 2018   Trudeau, J. September 28, 2032
  Furey, GeorgeGeorge Furey Non-affiliated Newfoundland and Labrador August 11, 1999   Chrétien May 12, 2023 Speaker
  Gagné, RaymondeRaymonde Gagné Non-affiliated Manitoba April 1, 2016   Trudeau, J. January 7, 2032 Legislative Deputy to Government Representative Marc Gold as of January 31, 2020[6]
  Galvez, RosaRosa Galvez Independent Senators Group Quebec (Bedford) December 6, 2016   Trudeau, J. June 21, 2042
  Gerba, AminaAmina Gerba Progressive Senate Group Quebec (Rigaud) July 29, 2021   Trudeau, J. March 14, 2036
  Gignac, ClémentClément Gignac Progressive Senate Group Quebec (Kennebec) July 29, 2021   Trudeau, J. May 7, 2030
  Gold, MarcMarc Gold Non-affiliated Quebec (Stadacona) November 25, 2016   Trudeau, J. June 30, 2025 Representative of the Government in the Senate as of January 24, 2020[7]
  Greene, StephenStephen Greene Canadian Senators Group Nova Scotia (Halifax — The Citadel) January 2, 2009   Harper December 8, 2024
  Harder, PeterPeter Harder Progressive Senate Group Ontario (Ottawa) March 23, 2016   Trudeau, J. August 25, 2027 former Representative of the Government from March 23, 2016 to December 31, 2019.
  Hartling, NancyNancy Hartling Independent Senators Group New Brunswick November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. February 1, 2025
  Housakos, LeoLeo Housakos Conservative Quebec (Wellington) January 8, 2009   Harper January 10, 2043 former Speaker
  Jaffer, MobinaMobina Jaffer Independent Senators Group British Columbia June 13, 2001   Chrétien August 20, 2024
  Klyne, MartyMarty Klyne Progressive Senate Group Saskatchewan September 24, 2018   Trudeau, J. March 6, 2032
  Kutcher, StanStan Kutcher Independent Senators Group Nova Scotia December 12, 2018   Trudeau, J. December 16, 2026
  LaBoucane-Benson, PattiPatti LaBoucane-Benson Non-affiliated Alberta October 3, 2018   Trudeau, J. February 20, 2044 Government Liaison (whip) as of January 31, 2020[6]
  Lankin, FrancesFrances Lankin Independent Senators Group Ontario April 1, 2016   Trudeau, J. April 16, 2029
  Loffreda, TonyTony Loffreda Independent Senators Group Quebec (Shawinegan) July 23, 2019   Trudeau, J. August 14, 2037 joined the ISG on November 7, 2019[8]
  Lovelace Nicholas, SandraSandra Lovelace Nicholas Progressive Senate Group New Brunswick September 21, 2005   Martin April 15, 2023
  MacDonald, Michael L.Michael L. MacDonald Conservative Nova Scotia (Cape Breton) January 2, 2009   Harper May 4, 2030
  Manning, FabianFabian Manning Conservative Newfoundland and Labrador May 25, 2011   Harper May 21, 2039
  Marshall, ElizabethElizabeth Marshall Conservative Newfoundland and Labrador January 29, 2010   Harper September 7, 2026
  Martin, YonahYonah Martin Conservative British Columbia (Vancouver) January 2, 2009   Harper April 11, 2040 Opposition Deputy Leader
  Marwah, SabiSabi Marwah Independent Senators Group Ontario November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. July 12, 2026
  Massicotte, PaulPaul Massicotte Independent Senators Group Quebec (De Lanaudière) June 26, 2003   Chrétien September 10, 2026
  McCallum, Mary JaneMary Jane McCallum Non-Affiliated Manitoba December 4, 2017[5]   Trudeau, J. May 1, 2027
  McPhedran, MarilouMarilou McPhedran Non-Affiliated Manitoba November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. July 22, 2026 Left the Independent Senators Group in October, 2021 prior to a private hearing to determine if McPhedran should be expelled from the group.[9]
  Mégie, Marie-FrançoiseMarie-Françoise Mégie Independent Senators Group Quebec (Rougemont) November 21, 2016   Trudeau, J. September 25, 2025
  Mercer, TerryTerry Mercer Progressive Senate Group Nova Scotia (Northend Halifax) November 7, 2003   Chrétien May 6, 2022 Whip of the Progressive Senate Group
  Miville-Dechêne, JulieJulie Miville-Dechêne Independent Senators Group Quebec (Inkerman) June 20, 2018   Trudeau, J. July 10, 2034
  Mockler, PercyPercy Mockler Conservative New Brunswick (St. Leonard) January 2, 2009   Harper April 14, 2024
  Moncion, LucieLucie Moncion Independent Senators Group Ontario November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. October 25, 2033
  Moodie, RosemaryRosemary Moodie Independent Senators Group Ontario December 12, 2018   Trudeau, J. November 24, 2031
  Oh, VictorVictor Oh Conservative Ontario (Mississauga) January 25, 2013   Harper June 10, 2024
  Omidvar, RatnaRatna Omidvar Independent Senators Group Ontario April 1, 2016   Trudeau, J. November 5, 2024
  Pate, KimKim Pate Independent Senators Group Ontario November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. November 10, 2034
  Patterson, DennisDennis Patterson Canadian Senators Group Nunavut August 27, 2009   Harper December 30, 2023
  Petitclerc, ChantalChantal Petitclerc Independent Senators Group Quebec (Grandville) April 1, 2016   Trudeau, J. December 15, 2044
  Plett, DonDon Plett Conservative Manitoba (Landmark) August 27, 2009   Harper May 14, 2025 Opposition Leader
  Poirier, Rose-MayRose-May Poirier Conservative New Brunswick (Saint-Louis-de-Kent) February 28, 2010   Harper March 2, 2029
  Quinn, JimJim Quinn Canadian Senators Group New Brunswick June 22, 2021   Trudeau, J. January 25, 2032
  Ravalia, Mohamed-IqbalMohamed-Iqbal Ravalia Independent Senators Group Newfoundland and Labrador June 1, 2018   Trudeau, J. August 15, 2032
  Richards, David AdamsDavid Adams Richards Canadian Senators Group New Brunswick August 30, 2017   Trudeau, J. October 17, 2025
  Ringuette, PierrettePierrette Ringuette Independent Senators Group New Brunswick December 12, 2002   Chrétien December 31, 2030
  Saint-Germain, RaymondeRaymonde Saint-Germain Independent Senators Group Quebec (De la Vallière) November 25, 2016   Trudeau, J. October 7, 2026
  Seidman, JudithJudith Seidman Conservative Québec (De la Durantaye) August 27, 2009   Harper September 1, 2025 Opposition Whip as of November 14, 2019
  Simons, PaulaPaula Simons Independent Senators Group Alberta October 3, 2018   Trudeau, J. September 7, 2039
  Smith, LarryLarry Smith Conservative Quebec (Saurel) May 25, 2011   Harper April 28, 2026 former Opposition Leader
  Sorensen, KarenKaren Sorensen Independent Senators Group Alberta July 29, 2021   Trudeau, J. May 20, 2034
  Tannas, ScottScott Tannas Canadian Senators Group Alberta March 25, 2013   Harper February 25, 2037 In an interview with The Hill Times in July 2017, Senator Tannas "...has made it clear he will stay no longer than a decade." which would put his retirement date no later than March 25, 2023.[10]
  Verner, JoséeJosée Verner Canadian Senators Group Quebec (Montarville) June 13, 2011   Harper December 30, 2034
  Wallin, PamelaPamela Wallin Canadian Senators Group Saskatchewan January 2, 2009   Harper April 10, 2028
  Wells, DavidDavid Wells Conservative Newfoundland and Labrador January 25, 2013   Harper February 28, 2037
  Wetston, HowardHoward Wetston Independent Senators Group Ontario November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. June 3, 2022
  White, VernonVernon White Canadian Senators Group Ontario February 20, 2012   Harper February 21, 2034 Upon his appointment, Senator White said that he would step down after nine years (no later than February 20, 2021).[11]
  Woo, Yuen PauYuen Pau Woo Independent Senators Group British Columbia November 10, 2016   Trudeau, J. March 2, 2038 Facilitator of the Independent Senators Group
  Yussuff, HassanHassan Yussuff Independent Senators Group Ontario June 22, 2021   Trudeau, J. December 15, 2032

Vacancies

Province (Division) Seat last held by Affiliation Reason for vacancy Vacant since
  British Columbia Neufeld, RichardRichard Neufeld Conservative Mandatory retirement November 6, 2019 1758 days
  Nova Scotia McInnis, TomTom McInnis Conservative Mandatory retirement April 9, 2020 1603 days
  Saskatchewan Dyck, LillianLillian Dyck Progressive Senate Group Mandatory retirement August 24, 2020 1466 days
  Newfoundland and Labrador Doyle, NormanNorman Doyle Conservative Mandatory retirement November 11, 2020 1387 days
  Alberta McCoy, ElaineElaine McCoy Canadian Senators Group Death December 29, 2020 1339 days
  Manitoba Sinclair, MurrayMurray Sinclair Independent Senators Group Resigned January 31, 2021 1306 days
  Prince Edward Island Duffy, MikeMike Duffy Independent Senators Group Mandatory retirement May 27, 2021 1190 days
  Ontario Munson, JimJim Munson Progressive Senate Group Mandatory retirement July 14, 2021 1142 days
  New Brunswick Keating, JudithJudith Keating Independent Senators Group Death July 16, 2021 1140 days
  New Brunswick Stewart-Olsen, CarolynCarolyn Stewart-Olsen Conservative Mandatory retirement July 27, 2021 1129 days
  Ontario Frum, LindaLinda Frum Conservative Resigned August 27, 2021 1098 days
  Alberta Black, DougDoug Black Canadian Senators Group Resigned October 31, 2021 1033 days
  Ontario Forest-Niesing, JoséeJosée Forest-Niesing Independent Senators Group Death November 20, 2021 1013 days
  Ontario Ngo, Thanh HaiThanh Hai Ngo Conservative Mandatory retirement January 3, 2022 969 days
  Prince Edward Island Griffin, DianeDiane Griffin Canadian Senators Group Mandatory retirement March 18, 2022 895 days

Standings

 
Seating plan of the Canadian Senate

Members of the Senate of Canada can be the[12] representatives of a political party if agreed by themselves and their party.The current party standings in the Senate of Canada these:

Party BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PE NL YT NT NU Total
Independent Senators Group   3 2 2 0 15 10 3 4 0 1 1 0 0 41
Conservative   1 0 1 1 2 5 2 1 0 3 0 0 0 16
Progressive Senate Group   0 0 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 0 0 1 0 14
Canadian Senators Group   1 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 12
Non-affiliated   0 1 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7
Vacant   1 2 1 1 4 0 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 15
Total 6 6 6 6 24 24 10 10 4 6 1 1 1 105

Membership changes since the last election

Date Name Province Affiliation before Affiliation after Reason
September 27, 2021 Michèle Audette Quebec (De Salaberry) Non-affiliated Independent Senators Group Changed affiliation
October 6, 2021 Bernadette Clement Ontario
October 7, 2021 Karen Sorensen Alberta
October 8, 2021 Hassan Yussuff Ontario
October 18, 2021 Marilou McPhedran Manitoba Independent Senators Group Non-affiliated
October 31, 2021 Doug Black Alberta Canadian Senators Group Vacant Resigned
November 20, 2021 Josée Forest-Niesing Ontario Independent Senators Group Died in office
January 3, 2022 Thanh Hai Ngo Ontario Conservative Mandatory retirement
February 4, 2022 Dennis Patterson Nunavut Conservative Canadian Senators Group Changed affiliation
March 14, 2022 Mary Jane McCallum Manitoba Independent Senators Group Non-affiliated Changed affiliation
March 18, 2022 Diane Griffin Prince Edward Island Canadian Senators Group Vacant Mandatory retirement

Standings changes since the last election

Number of members
per group by date 		2021 2022
Sep 20 Sep 27 Oct 6 Oct 7 Oct 8 Oct 18 Oct 31 Nov 20 Jan 3 Feb 4 Mar 14 Mar 18
Independent Senators Group 40 41 42 43 44 43 42 41
Conservative 18 17 16
Progressive Senate Group 14
  Canadian Senators Group 13 12 13 12
Non-affiliated 9 8 7 6 5 6 7
  Total members 94 93 92 91 90
Vacant 11 12 13 14 15

Appointment breakdown

Prime Minister Term ISG Cons. PSG CSG N-A Total
  Jean Chrétien 1993–2003 3 0 2 1 1 7
  Paul Martin 2003–2006 0 0 2 1 0 3
  Stephen Harper 2006–2015 0 16 1 7 1 25
  Justin Trudeau 2015–present 39 0 9 4 4 56
Total 42 16 14 13 6 91

Upcoming retirements

Twenty-five current senators are scheduled to retire before the end of 2025:

  1. Terry Mercer, May 6, 2022, Progressive Senate Group (Chrétien) - Nova Scotia (Northend Halifax)
  2. Howard Wetston, June 3, 2022, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - Ontario
  3. Larry Campbell, February 28, 2023, Canadian Senators Group (Martin) - British Columbia (Vancouver)
  4. Sandra Lovelace Nicholas, April 15, 2023, Progressive Senate Group (Martin) - New Brunswick
  5. George Furey, May 12, 2023, Non-affiliated (Chrétien) - Newfoundland and Labrador
  6. Patricia Bovey, May 15, 2023, Progressive Senate Group (J. Trudeau) - Manitoba
  7. Dennis Patterson, December 30, 2023, Canadian Senators Group (Harper) - Nunavut
  8. Renée Dupuis, January 17, 2024, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - Quebec (The Laurentides)
  9. Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu, February 12, 2024, Conservative (Harper) - Quebec (La Salle)
  10. Percy Mockler, April 14, 2024, Conservative (Harper) - New Brunswick (St. Leonard)
  11. Victor Oh, June 10, 2024, Conservative (Harper) - Ontario
  12. Mobina Jaffer, August 20, 2024, Independent Senators Group (Chrétien) - British Columbia
  13. Dennis Dawson, September 28, 2024, Progressive Senate Group, (Martin) - Quebec (Lauzon)
  14. Diane Bellemare, October 13, 2024, Progressive Senators Group (Harper) - Quebec (Alma)
  15. Ratna Omidvar, November 5, 2024, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - Ontario
  16. Stephen Greene, December 8, 2024, Canadian Senators Group (Harper) - Nova Scotia (Halifax — The Citadel)
  17. Brent Cotter, December 18, 2024, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - Saskatchewan
  18. Nancy Hartling, February 1, 2025, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - New Brunswick
  19. Jean-Guy Dagenais, February 2, 2025, Canadian Senators Group (Harper) - Quebec
  20. Don Plett, May 14, 2025, Conservative (Harper) - Manitoba (Landmark)
  21. Marc Gold, June 30, 2025, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - Quebec (Stadacona)
  22. Jane Cordy, July 2, 2025, Progressive Senate Group (Chrétien) - Nova Scotia
  23. Judith Seidman, September 1, 2025, Conservative (Harper) - Québec (De la Durantaye)
  24. Marie-Françoise Mégie, September 21, 2025, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - Quebec (Rougemont)
  25. David Adams Richards, October 17, 2025, Canadian Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - New Brunswick

Longest jobs

Furthest year of retirement of existing senators, by prime minister

  • Dennis Dawson, appointed by Paul Martin, is due to retire on September 28, 2024
  • Pierrette Ringuette, appointed by Jean Chrétien, is due to retire on December 31, 2030
  • Michèle Audette, appointed by Justin Trudeau, is due to retire on July 20, 2046
  • Patrick Brazeau, appointed by Stephen Harper, is due to retire on November 11, 2049

List Of Current Senators Of Canada Media

Notes

  1. ↑ Quebec is the only province with Senate divisions that are constitutionally mandated. In all other provinces, a Senate division is strictly an optional designation of the senator's own choosing, and has no real constitutional or legal standing. A senator who does not choose a special senate division is considered a senator for the province at large.

References

  1. ↑ Tasker, John Paul (18 November 2019). Two more senators defect to upstart group, one citing Scheer's leadership. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/senate-defections-canadian-senators-group-1.5363311?cmp=rss. Retrieved 18 November 2019. 
  2. ↑ "Senators". Archived from the original on January 22, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
  3. ↑ "Senators: 42nd Parliament of Canada". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 2015-11-05.[dead link]
  4. ↑ Bailey, Ian (November 18, 2021). "Not entirely ousted: Senator critical of O'Toole remains member of Tory Senate caucus". Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-not-entirely-ousted-senator-critical-of-otoole-remains-member-of-tory/. Retrieved November 18, 2021. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 PMO (December 4, 2017). "Prime Minister announces the appointment of two new Senators". Press release. https://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2017/12/04/prime-minister-announces-appointment-two-new-senators. Retrieved December 4, 2017. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "With two new Senate appointments, Trudeau has now appointed half of the upper house". CBC News. January 31, 2020. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-new-senators-upper-house-1.5447684. Retrieved January 31, 2020. 
  7. ↑ "Trudeau appoints constitutional lawyer Marc Gold as government leader in the Senate". CBC News. January 24, 2020. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-picks-marc-gold-1.5439110. Retrieved January 24, 2020. 
  8. ↑ Loffreda, Senator Tony (7 November 2019). "Senator Tony Loffreda on Twitter: The Senate plays a crucial role in the Canadian parliamentary system, I am looking forward to leveraging the experiences that I've accumulated throughout my career as we attempt to improve legislation, as well as the lives of Canadians. Thank you!". Twitter. Archived from the original on November 7, 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  9. ↑ "Manitoba senator quits Independent Senators Group ahead of expulsion hearing". CBC News. October 18, 2021. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/marilou-mcphedran-independent-senators-group-1.6215165. Retrieved October 18, 2021. 
  10. ↑ Tory Senators divided over whether they really agreed to term limits. https://www.hilltimes.com/2017/07/19/tory-term-limits-myth-say-senators-promise-never-made/114026. Retrieved October 23, 2019. 
  11. ↑ Sen. White vows to step down after nine years, even if Senate reforms not passed. https://www.hilltimes.com/2012/09/28/sen-white-vows-to-step-down-after-nine-years-even-if-senate-reforms-not-passed/22280. Retrieved October 23, 2019. 
  12. ↑ The Senate Chamber (PDF). Senate of Canada. 19 February 2019. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
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