Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday (Newington Butts, Surrey, 22 September 1791 – Hampton Court, Surrey, 25 August 1867) was the son of a blacksmith who became one of the most famous scientists of the 19th century.
He was sent to a local school to learn how to read and write. A local vicar paid for this, seeing his obvious intelligence. Faraday became the greatest experimental physicist of the nineteenth century.[1][2]
Faraday became a Fellow of the Royal Society, and was awarded the Royal, Copley and Rumford medals of the Society. Although Faraday had only primary school education, and did not know higher mathematics, he became one of the most influential scientists in history. For the most part, he was an autodidact: he taught himself.
At the time when he lived, people like him were called natural philosophers. Then, only a little was known about electricity. Michael Faraday discovered many things about the way electricity flowing in a wire can act like a magnet (now called electromagnetism). He also found out a lot about the way electricity can be used with chemicals to make them change (now called electrochemistry).
He showed that magnetism is able to affect rays of light, as there is an underlying relationship between the two phenomena.[3] His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable for use in technology. He made the first electric motor. It is thanks to his early work that electricity has been made into a useful thing today.
As a chemist, Michael Faraday discovered benzene, invented an early type of Bunsen burner and popularized terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode and ion. Faraday was the first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a position to which he was appointed for life. He was also the Director of the Royal Institution after Sir Humphrey Davy.
Albert Einstein kept a photograph of Faraday on his study wall alongside pictures of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell.[4]
Life
Michael Faraday's family was poor. His father, James, was a blacksmith. James Faraday had come to London in the 1780s from North-West England. The young Michael Faraday was one of four children and only had the most basic school education. At fourteen he went to learn how to be a bookbinder and bookseller from a man called George Riebau.
During his seven-year study of making books with Riebau, he read many books. He read Isaac Watts's The improvement of the mind. Faraday loved to use the ideas in this book in his work. He became interested in science, especially in electricity. He began to attend public lessons run by the best scientists in London at the time. He showed the notes he made the great chemist Sir Humphrey Davy. Davy liked him and offered him a job as an assistant in March 1813.
Faraday's knowledge continued to grow as he helped Sir Humphrey Davy until he made discoveries on his own. He was eventually made a professor in 1833. The importance of his work was seen within his lifetime and the British government gave him a pension in his old age as a reward.
Faraday was a strong Christian. He belonged to a church that came from the Church of Scotland. He thought that both God and the physical world should be loved and made known. [5]
The Faraday Cage
| Electromagnetism |
|---|
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| Electricity · Magnetism · Magnetic permeability |
Faraday also discovered that if electricity strikes a metal object, it will only pass through the outside of the object. The inside is unaffected by the electricity. This is what keeps the people inside safe when lightning strikes a car or a plane. This is now called Faraday's Cage.
Law of Induction
Faraday stated that when a magnet moves across a coil and creates "electricity" , this effect is only secondary, and does not account for what is actually taking place inside the wire. [6]
Michael Faraday Media
Portrait of Faraday in 1842 by Thomas Phillips
Three Fellows of the Royal Society offering the presidency to Faraday, 1857
Faraday's grave at Highgate Cemetery, London
Equipment used by Faraday to make glass on display at the Royal Institution in London
Electromagnetic rotation experiment of Faraday, 1821, the first demonstration of the conversion of electrical energy into motion
One of Faraday's 1831 experiments demonstrating induction. The liquid battery (right) sends an electric current through the small coil (A). When it is moved in or out of the large coil (B), its magnetic field induces a momentary voltage in the coil, which is detected by the galvanometer (G).
A diagram of Faraday's iron ring-coil apparatus
Built in 1831, the Faraday disc was the first electric generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet (A) created a magnetic field through the disc (D).
Faraday (right) and John Daniell (left), founders of electrochemistry
Faraday holding a type of glass bar he used in 1845 to show magnetism affects light in dielectric material
References
- ↑ Russell, Colin (2000). Michael Faraday: physics and faith. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511763-9.
- ↑ "best experimentalist in the history of science" Peter Ford, University of Bath Department of Physics. Retrieved January 2007.
- ↑ [1] Archives Biographies: Michael Faraday, The Institution of Engineering and Technology.
- ↑ "Einstein's heroes: imagining the world through the language of mathematics", by Robyn Arianrhod UQP, reviewed by Jane Gleeson-White, 10 November 2003, The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ↑ Baggott, Jim (2 September 1991). "The myth of Michael Faraday: Michael Faraday was not just one of Britain's greatest experimenters. A closer look at the man and his work reveals that he was also a clever theoretician". New Scientist. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
- ↑ Experimental Research in Electricity vol ii. Qaurirtch. 1844. p. 262.
- Hamilton, James 2002. Faraday: the life. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-716376-2.
Other websites
Media related to Michael Faraday at Wikimedia Commons
- Michael Faraday -Citizendium