Parrot
Parrots are birds of the order Psittaciformes.[1][2][3] There are about 372 species in 86 genera. They are found in most tropical and subtropical regions. The greatest diversity of parrots is found in South America and Australasia.
| Parrots Temporal range: Eocene – Recent
54 mya – present | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Infraclass: | |
| (unranked): | Psittacopasserae
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| Order: | Psittaciformes Wagler, 1830
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| Superfamilies | |
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Cacatuoidea (cockatoos) | |
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| Range of Parrots, all species (red) | |
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Parrots are intelligent birds. They have relatively large brains,[4] they can learn, and they can use simple tools.[5] Because some species have the ability to make sounds like human voices and have plumages with bright colors, many species are kept as pets. This includes some endangered and protected species.
Description
Parrots have a heavy, in relation to their size, and compact body with a large head and a short neck. Their beaks are short, strong and curved. The two parts of the beak are very strong and used to break fruits and seeds. The tongue is large and strong. Most parrots can fly, though many lost their powers of flight after they came to live on oceanic islands. The kakapo is an example.
They have strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet (with two toes facing forward and two toes facing back) that are very useful to climb up trees. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. The plumage of cockatoos ranges from mostly white to mostly black, with a mobile crest of feathers on the tops of their heads. Most parrots exhibit little or no sexual dimorphism.
They form the most variably sized bird order in terms of length. The smallest of the parrots is the pigmy parrot (Micropsitta pusio) with an adult weight of 11.5 grams (0.41 oz) and a length of 8.6 centimetres (3.4 in).[6] With a length (from the top of its head to the tip of its long pointed tail) of about 95 to 100 cm (37 to 39 in), the hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) is longer than any other species of parrot, although half that length is tail.[7]
Behavior
The most important components of most parrots' diets are seeds, fruits like nuts, buds and other plant material. A few species sometimes eat animals and carrion (dead animal carcasses), while the lories and lorikeets are specialised for feeding on floral nectar and soft fruits. Almost all parrots nest in tree hollows, and lay white eggs from which hatch altricial (helpless) young.
Parrots are among the most intelligent birds, as are the crow family: ravens, crows, jays and magpies, and the ability of some species to make sounds like human voices enhances their popularity as pets.
Conservation
The capture of wild parrots for the pet trade, as well as hunting, habitat loss and competition from invasive species, has diminished wild populations, with parrots being subjected to more exploitation than any other group of birds.[8] Measures taken to conserve the habitats of some high-profile species have also protected many of the less charismatic species living in the same ecosystems.[9]
Some parrots can live up to 80 years. Many parrots can imitate human speech; they can speak simple words if repeated a few times.
Origins and evolution
Transposons in the genomes of passerines and parrots are similar, but those in the genomes of other birds are not. This is strong evidence that parrots are the sister group of passerines.[10]
Europe is the origin of the first presumed parrot fossils, which date from about 50 million years ago (mya).[11] The climate there and then was tropical. Several fairly complete skeletons of parrot-like birds have been found in England and Germany.[12] On the whole it seems likely that these are not direct ancestors of the modern parrots, but related lineages which evolved in the northern hemisphere, and which have since died out.
The earliest records of modern parrots date to about 23–20 mya and are also from Europe. Subsequently, the fossil record—again mainly from Europe—consists of bones clearly recognisable as belonging to parrots of modern type. The southern hemisphere does not have nearly as rich a fossil record for this period as the northern, and contains no known parrot-like remains earlier than the early to middle Miocene, around 20 mya. The first unambiguous parrot fossil (as opposed to a parrot-like one) is found in the Miocene. It is an upper jaw, identical that of modern cockatoos.
Related pages
References
- ↑ "Psittacine". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed,. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. Archived from the original on 2007-08-27. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ↑ "Psittacine". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ↑ "Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.013)". www.zoonomen.net. 2008-12-29.
- ↑ Iwaniuk, Andrew 2004. This bird is no airhead. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. https://web.archive.org/web/20080222213812/http://www.nserc.ca/news/features/parrot_e.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
- ↑ Beynon, Mike 2000. "Who's a clever bird, then?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2007-09-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20070901202329/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/132index.shtml. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
- ↑ Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1981) [1973, 1978]. Parrots of the World (corrected second ed.). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London. p. 149. ISBN 0-7153-7698-5.
- ↑ E. Hagan (2004). "Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus - hyacinth macaw". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
- ↑ Snyder N et al 2000. Parrots: status survey and conservation action plan, 2000-2004. Chapter 1. vii. IUCN ISBN 2-8317-0504-5. Chapter 1. vii.
- ↑ Snyder N. et al 2000. Parrots: status survey and conservation action plan, 2000-2004. Chapter 1. vii. IUCN ISBN 2-8317-0504-5. Chapter 2. page 12.
- ↑ Suh A, Paus M, Kiefmann M,; et al. (2011). "Mesozoic retroposons reveal parrots as the closest living relatives of passerine birds". Nature Communications. 2 (8): 443–8. doi:10.1038/ncomms1448. PMC 3265382. PMID 21863010.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Waterhouse, David M. (2006). "Parrots in a nutshell: The fossil record of Psittaciformes (Aves)". Historical Biology. 18 (2): 223–234. doi:10.1080/08912960600641224.
- ↑ Dyke, GJ; Cooper, JH (2000). "A new psittaciform bird from the London clay (Lower Eocene) of England". Palaeontology. 43 (2): 271–285. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00126.
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Other websites
 |
Wikispecies has information on: Psittaciformes. |
- "Parrots (Psittacidae)". Internet Bird Collection. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- Animal Diversity Web - Psittaciformes - parrots
- ITIS Report - Psittaciformes
- Tree of Life - Psittaciformes
- World Birds Taxonomic List - Psittaciformes
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