Steroid

A steroid is a organic compound, either natural or man-made, which has four cycloalkane rings in its structure. Plants, animals and fungi make hundreds of different natural steroids.^[1]

Steroid hormones are steroids which act as hormones in the body. Natural steroid hormones are usually made from cholesterol in the adrenal glands and gonads. Cholesterol is a plentiful steroid in animal cells: it is important for cell membranes.

Examples of steroid hormones include

One review noted: The adrenal gland hormones play a vital role in adapting to "ever-changing environmental and emergency situations, and help vertebrates in their successful survival".^[2]

Prednisone is an important man-made steroid medication, used to treat inflammation.

Distribution in living things

Prokaryotes: there are pathways in mycobacteria which may be the origin of steroids in all higher forms of life.^[3]^[4]
Fungi
Plants
Animals

Medical use

Some steroid hormones are anabolic steroids (AAS). Since the discovery and synthesis of testosterone in the 1930s, AAS have been used by physicians for many purposes, with varying degrees of success:

Bone marrow stimulation: For decades, AAS were the mainstay of therapy for hypoplastic anemias due to leukemia or kidney failure, especially aplastic anemia. AAS have largely been replaced in this work by synthetic protein hormones that stimulate growth of blood cell precursors.
Growth stimulation: AAS can be used by pediatric endocrinologists to treat children with growth failure. However, the availability of synthetic growth hormone, which has fewer side effects, makes this a secondary treatment.
Stimulation of appetite and preservation and increase of muscle mass: AAS have been given to people with chronic wasting conditions such as cancer and AIDS.
Hormone replacement for men with low levels of testosterone; also for improving libido in elderly males.
Stimulation of lean body mass and prevention of bone loss in elderly men, as some studies indicate. However, a 2006 placebo-controlled trial of low-dose testosterone supplementation in elderly men with low levels of testosterone found no benefit on body composition, physical performance, insulin sensitivity, or quality of life.
Induction of male puberty: androgens are given to many boys distressed about extreme delay of puberty. Testosterone is now nearly the only androgen used for this purpose. It has been shown to increase height, weight, and fat-free mass in boys with delayed puberty.
In low doses as a component of hormone replacement therapy. Testosterone is usually used for this purpose, although methyltestosterone is also used.
Treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Although they have been approved for this, there are "virilizing side effects" (made women look more male).
Treatment of breast cancer in women, although they are now rarely used for this purpose.
Male contraception, in the form of testosterone enanthate; there is a potential for use as a safe, reliable, and reversible male contraceptive.

Abuse

Certain anabolic steroids, such as testosterone, are used to help make muscles stronger. Such steroids are used to improve a person's performance, but they are sometimes overused and abused by athletes. The rate of steroid abuse grew greatly in the early 21st century, all over the world. Overuse of anabolic steroids can have bad effects on the human body. They can cripple or kill. Sports organisations now regulate their use.

Biosynthesis and metabolism

Simplification of the end of the steroid synthesis pathway, where the intermediates isopentenyl pyrophosphate (PP or IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) form geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), squalene and lanosterol (the first steroid in the pathway)

Steroidogenesis

Human steroidogenesis, with the major classes of steroid hormones, individual steroids and enzymatic pathways.^[5] Changes in molecular structure from a precursor are highlighted in white.

Steroid Media

Structure of 24-ethyl-lanostane, a prototypical steroid with 32 carbon atoms. Its core ring system (ABCD), composed of 17 carbon atoms, is shown with IUPAC-approved ring lettering and atom numbering.^:1785f
Gonane, the simplest steroid, consisting only of the common steroid nucleus
Steroid 5α and 5β stereoisomers^:1786f
Cholesterol, a prototypical animal sterol. This structural lipid and key steroid biosynthetic precursor.^:1785f
5α-cholestane, a common steroid core
Cholecalciferol (vitamin DTemplate:Ssub), an example of a 9,10-secosteroid
Cyclopamine, an example of a complex C-nor-D-homosteroid
Mevalonate pathway

Related pages

References

↑ Lednicer D. 2011. Steroid chemistry at a glance. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-66084-3
↑ Reul J.M. et al 1990. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 274, 243–256.
↑ Bode H.B. & others (2003). "Steroid biosynthesis in prokaryotes: identification of myxobacterial steroids and cloning of the first bacterial 2,3(S)-oxidosqualene cyclase from the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca". Molecular Microbiology. 47 (2): 471–81. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03309.x. PMID 12519197. S2CID 37959511.
↑ Desmond E. & Gribaldo S. (2009). "Phylogenomics of sterol synthesis: insights into the origin, evolution, and diversity of a key eukaryotic feature". Genome Biology and Evolution. 1: 364–81. doi:10.1093/gbe/evp036. PMC 2817430. PMID 20333205.
↑ Häggström M, Richfield D (2014). "Diagram of the pathways of human steroidogenesis". WikiJournal of Medicine. 1 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.005. ISSN 2002-4436.

Other websites

US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health
Corticosteroids Medline Plus

[1] Lednicer D. 2011. Steroid chemistry at a glance. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-66084-3

[2] Reul J.M. et al 1990. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 274, 243–256.

[pmid12519197-3] Bode H.B. & others (2003). "Steroid biosynthesis in prokaryotes: identification of myxobacterial steroids and cloning of the first bacterial 2,3(S)-oxidosqualene cyclase from the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca". Molecular Microbiology. 47 (2): 471–81. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03309.x. PMID 12519197. S2CID 37959511.

[pmid20333205-4] Desmond E. & Gribaldo S. (2009). "Phylogenomics of sterol synthesis: insights into the origin, evolution, and diversity of a key eukaryotic feature". Genome Biology and Evolution. 1: 364–81. doi:10.1093/gbe/evp036. PMC 2817430. PMID 20333205.

[H.C3.A4ggstr.C3.B6mRichfield2014-5] Häggström M, Richfield D (2014). "Diagram of the pathways of human steroidogenesis". WikiJournal of Medicine. 1 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.005. ISSN 2002-4436.

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