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Truth

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Walter Seymour Allward's Veritas (Truth) outside Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Canada

The truth is what is true. It may be everything that is true (reality) or just a part of it (a fact). It may also be a statement that is true: a truth. Things or statements that are not true are untrue or false. True things exist (or have existed); false things do not (or never have).

Aristotle said: "To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true."[1] However, a statement may be about how things once were; this would be a true statement if it is clear that it is not a statement about how things are now. Most often, the tense of the verb will indicate this, but there may be other ways in which the statement is qualified: for example, by saying when the statement was true.

Truth is a noun, and the corresponding adjective is true. The word true also functions as a noun, a verb and an adverb. The English word truth is from Old English tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ, Middle English trewþe.

Most of the discussion on truth is about one of two things:

  1. How to find out whether a statement (a proposition or claim) is true
  2. How to find the truth when presented with a particular question or problem

Many philosophers have given opinions on these issues.

Examples

  • It is a truth (true) that a dog is an animal. It is untrue (or false) that a dog is a plant.
  • It is true that Muhamed married his third wife, Aisha at 9 years old.
  • It is a truth that dodos were found on Mauritius (although not throughout the past). It is not true that dodos exist.
  • It has never been true that unicorns exist, so it has always been true that unicorns do not exist.

In Other words

Something untrue is false. A half truth is something true mixed with something false, or something partly true with key information omitted.

If the things one says are true, then they are speaking the truth, or speaking truly. Saying something that is untrue can be called a lie, if the person who is saying it knows it is untrue. A person who says something untrue is often called a "liar".

True and false in logic and philosophy

Roman bust of Aristotle
What is truth? Pontius Pilate (John, 18.38)

True is also one of the two basic values of logic. The other such value is usually called false. In symbols, true is written as, T or 1.[2][3]

Aristotle was the first to put logic into a formal framework. His version is called propositional logic (see also syllogism and deductive reasoning). Other forms of logic use types of mathematics (mathematical logic) or symbols. Boolean algebra is about things being true and false.

The relationship between verbal claims and external reality is handled by epistemology and the philosophy of science.

Philosophers argue over what makes up truth and how to define and identify truth.

Truth Media

  • David Malet Armstrong emphasized the role of truthmakers in establishing a connection between truth and being.

  • According to the correspondence theory, a statement is true if it corresponds to facts.

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    The coherence theory understands truth as logical consistency and mutual support among beliefs.

  • Alfred Tarski formulated the semantic theory of truth.

  • An early skepticism about the nature of truth is expressed in Pontius Pilate's rhetorical question to Jesus, asking "What is truth?"

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    The liar paradox involves a proposition with an inconsistent truth assignment: if the proposition is true, it follows that it is false, and if it is false, it follows that it is true.

  • Mathematical truths, like the Pythagorean theorem, are traditionally categorized as a priori truths.

  • The Abrahamic traditions associate truth with the divine, such as the Islamic term Al-Haqq (the Truth) as one of Allah's names.

  • The Rigveda, an ancient Indian scripture, explored the relation between cosmic truth and individual truth.

Related pages

References

  1. ↑ David, Marion (2005). "Correspondence Theory of Truth" in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  2. ↑ Comprehensive List of Logic Symbols (in en-US). Math Vault (2020-04-06). Retrieved 2020-10-08.
  3. ↑ Truth-value | logic (in en). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-10-08.

Other websites

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