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Voiceless dental fricative

The voiceless dental fricative is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨θ⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨T⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by the "th" in thing and thanks.

Voiceless dental fricative
θ
IPA number130
Encoding
Entity (decimal)θ
Unicode (hex)U+03B8
X-SAMPAT
 

Features

  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. It means that we produce this sound by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
  • Its phonation is voiceless. It means that we produce this sound without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • We produce it at dental. It means that we produce this sound with the tongue at the upper teeth, the lower teeth, or both the upper teeth and the lower teeth. (Many stops and liquids that we say it is dental consonants are actually denti-alveolar consonants.)
  • Its behavior is fricative. It means that we produce this sound by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.

Examples

Language Word IPA Meaning
Albanian thotë [θɔtə] 'says'
Arabic Modern Standard[1] ثَوْب [θawb] (help·info) 'a dress'
Eastern Libya ثِلاثة [θɪˈlæːθæ] 'three'
Sanaa, Yemen يِثَمَّن [jɪˈθæmːæn] 'it is priced'
Iraq ثمانْية [θ(ɪ)ˈmæːnjæ] 'eight'
Khuzestan, Iran[2] الثانْية [ɪθˈθæːnjæ] 'the second one'
Arapaho yoo3on [jɔːθɔn] 'five'
Assyrian ܒܝܬܐ bèṭa [beːθa] 'house'
Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 xšaθra [xʃaθra] 'kingdom'
Bashkir дуҫ / duθ [duθ] (help·info) 'friend'
Berber Ṯmaziɣṯ [θmæzɪɣθ] 'Berber (language)'(noun)
Berta [θɪ́ŋɑ̀] 'to eat'
Burmese[3] သုံး / thon: [θòʊ̯̃] 'three'
Catalan theta [ˈθetɐ] 'theta'
Cornish eth [ɛθ] 'eight'
Emiliano-Romagnol[4] fâza [ˈfaːθɐ] 'face'
English Received Pronunciation[5] thin [θɪn] 'thin'
Western American English [θ̪͆ɪn] (help·info)
Galician Most dialects[6] cero [ˈθɛɾo] 'zero'
Greek θάλασσα [ˈθalasa] 'sea'
Gweno [riθo] 'eye'
Gwich’in thał [θaɬ] 'pants'
Halkomelem θqet [θqet] 'tree'
Hän nihthän [nihθɑn] 'I want'
Harsusi [θəroː] 'two'
Hebrew Iraqi עברית [ʕibˈriːθ] 'Hebrew language'
Yemenite [ʕivˈriːθ]
Hlai Basadung [θsio] 'one'
Icelandic það [θaːð] 'that'
Italian Tuscan[7] i capitani [iˌhäɸiˈθäːni] 'the captains'
Kabyle ṯafaṯ [θafaθ] 'light'(noun)
Karen Sgaw သၢ [θə˧] 'three'
Karuk yiθa [jiθa] 'one'
Kickapoo neθwi [nɛθwi] 'three'
Kwama [mɑ̄ˈθíl] 'to laugh'
Leonese ceru [θeɾu] 'zero'
Lorediakarkar [θar] 'four'
Malay Selasa [θəlaθa] 'Tuesday'
Massa [faθ] 'five'
Occitan Gascon macipon [maθiˈpu] '(male) child'
Vivaro-Alpine chin [θĩ] 'dog'
Early Old French améṭ [aˈmeːθ] 'loved, beloved (masculine)'
Old Persian 𐏋 XŠ / xšāyaθiya [xʃaːjaθija] 'Shah'
Saanich TÁŦES [teθʔəs] 'eight'
Sardinian Nuorese petha [pɛθa] 'meat'
Shark Bay [θar] 'four'
Shawnee nthwi [nθwɪ] 'three'
Sioux Nakoda ktusa [ktũˈθa] 'four'
Spanish European Spanish[8] cazar [käˈθ̪͆är] 'to hunt'
Swahili thamini [θɑˈmini] 'value'
Tanacross thiit [θiːtʰ] 'embers'
Toda உஇனபஒத [wɨnboθ] 'nine'
Turkmen sekiz [θekið] 'eight'
Tutchone Northern tho [θo] 'pants'
Southern thü [θɨ]
Upland Yuman Havasupai [θerap] 'five'
Hualapai [θarap]
Yavapai [θerapi]
Venetian Eastern dialects çinque [ˈθiŋkwe] 'five'
Wolaytta shiththa [ɕiθθa] 'flower'
Welsh saith [saiθ] 'seven'
Yi

Ꙑ́ъюьа

[θɤjuja] 'million'
Zhuang saw [θaːu˨˦] 'language'
Zotung Standard dialect of Lungngo kacciade [kəˈθʲaːðɛ] 'I go'

Notes

  1. ↑ Thelwall (1990:37)
  2. ↑ Versteegh (2001:159)
  3. ↑ Watkins (2001:291–292)
  4. ↑ Fig. 11 La zeta bolognese (in Italian)
  5. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 143.
  6. ↑ Regueira (1996:119–120)
  7. ↑ Hall (1944:75)
  8. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)

References

  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  • Einhorn, E. (1974), Old French: A Concise Handbook, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-09838-6
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
  • Marotta, Giovanna; Barth, Marlen (2005), "Acoustic and sociolingustic aspects of lenition in Liverpool English" (PDF), Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online, 3 (2): 377–413, archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-25, retrieved 2022-02-24
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373, archived from the original on 2021-08-17, retrieved 2022-02-24
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  • Versteegh, Kees (2001), The Arabic Language, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0748614363
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 630: attempt to index field 'known_free_doi_registrants_t' (a nil value).
  • Wells, John C (1982), Accents of English, vol. second, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24224-X
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