Voiceless dental fricative

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Voiceless dental fricative
θ
IPA number130
Encoding
Entity (decimal)θ
Unicode (hex)U+03B8
X-SAMPAT
 

The voiceless dental fricative is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨θ⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨T⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by the "th" in thing and thanks.

Features

  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. It means that we produce this sound by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
  • Its phonation is voiceless. It means that we produce this sound without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • We produce it at dental. It means that we produce this sound with the tongue at the upper teeth, the lower teeth, or both the upper teeth and the lower teeth. (Many stops and liquids that we say it is dental consonants are actually denti-alveolar consonants.)
  • Its behavior is fricative. It means that we produce this sound by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.

Examples

Language Word IPA Meaning
Albanian 'th'otë [θɔtə] 'says'
Arabic Modern Standard[1] ثَوْب [θawb] (help·info) 'a dress'
Eastern Libya ثِلاثة [θɪˈlæːθæ] 'three'
Sanaa, Yemen يِثَمَّن [jɪˈθæmːæn] 'it is priced'
Iraq ثمانْية [θ(ɪ)ˈmæːnjæ] 'eight'
Khuzestan, Iran[2] الثانْية [ɪθˈθæːnjæ] 'the second one'
Arapaho yoo'3'on [jɔːθɔn] 'five'
Assyrian ܒܝܬܐ bèṭa [beːθa] 'house'
Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 xšaθra [xʃaθra] 'kingdom'
Bashkir ду'ҫ' / du'θ' [duθ] (help·info) 'friend'
Berber 'Ṯ'maziɣ'ṯ' [θmæzɪɣθ] 'Berber (language)'(noun)
Berta [θɪ́ŋɑ̀] 'to eat'
Burmese[3] သုံး / thon: [θòʊ̯̃] 'three'
Catalan 'th'eta [ˈθetɐ] 'theta'
Cornish e'th' [ɛθ] 'eight'
Emiliano-Romagnol[4] fâ'z'a [ˈfaːθɐ] 'face'
English Received Pronunciation[5] thin [θɪn] 'thin'
Western American English [θ̪͆ɪn] (help·info)
Galician Most dialects[6] 'c'ero [ˈθɛɾo] 'zero'
Greek 'θ'άλασσα [ˈθalasa] 'sea'
Gweno [riθo] 'eye'
Gwich’in 'th'ał [θaɬ] 'pants'
Halkomelem 'θ'qet [θqet] 'tree'
Hän nih'th'än [nihθɑn] 'I want'
Harsusi [θəroː] 'two'
Hebrew Iraqi עברי'ת' [ʕibˈriːθ] 'Hebrew language'
Yemenite [ʕivˈriːθ]
Hlai Basadung [θsio] 'one'
Icelandic 'þ'að [θaːð] 'that'
Italian Tuscan[7] i capi't'ani [iˌhäɸiˈθäːni] 'the captains'
Kabyle 'ṯ'afa'ṯ' [θafaθ] 'light'(noun)
Karen Sgaw သၢ [θə˧] 'three'
Karuk yiθa [jiθa] 'one'
Kickapoo neθwi [nɛθwi] 'three'
Kwama [mɑ̄ˈθíl] 'to laugh'
Leonese ceru [θeɾu] 'zero'
Lorediakarkar [θar] 'four'
Malay 'S'ela's'a [θəlaθa] 'Tuesday'
Massa [faθ] 'five'
Occitan Gascon macipon [maθiˈpu] '(male) child'
Vivaro-Alpine chin [θĩ] 'dog'
Early Old French amé'ṭ' [aˈmeːθ] 'loved, beloved (masculine)'
Old Persian 𐏋 XŠ / xšāyaθiya [xʃaːjaθija] 'Shah'
Saanich TÁŦES [teθʔəs] 'eight'
Sardinian Nuorese pe'th'a [pɛθa] 'meat'
Shark Bay [θar] 'four'
Shawnee n'th'wi [nθwɪ] 'three'
Sioux Nakoda ktusa [ktũˈθa] 'four'
Spanish European Spanish[8] ca'z'ar [käˈθ̪͆är] 'to hunt'
Swahili 'th'amini [θɑˈmini] 'value'
Tanacross 'th'iit [θiːtʰ] 'embers'
Toda உஇனபஒ'த' [wɨnboθ] 'nine'
Turkmen 's'ekiz [θekið] 'eight'
Tutchone Northern 'th'o [θo] 'pants'
Southern 'th'ü [θɨ]
Upland Yuman Havasupai [θerap] 'five'
Hualapai [θarap]
Yavapai [θerapi]
Venetian Eastern dialects 'ç'inque [ˈθiŋkwe] 'five'
Wolaytta shi'thth'a [ɕiθθa] 'flower'
Welsh sai'th' [saiθ] 'seven'
Yi

Ꙑ́ъюьа

[θɤjuja] 'million'
Zhuang 's'aw [θaːu˨˦] 'language'
Zotung Standard dialect of Lungngo kacciade [kəˈθʲaːðɛ] 'I go'

Notes

  1. ↑ Thelwall (1990:37)
  2. ↑ Versteegh (2001:159)
  3. ↑ Watkins (2001:291–292)
  4. ↑ Fig. 11 La zeta bolognese (in Italian)
  5. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 143.
  6. ↑ Regueira (1996:119–120)
  7. ↑ Hall (1944:75)
  8. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)

References

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