Water scarcity

An abandoned ship in what used to be the Aral Sea, in Kazakhstan. Irrigation projects have caused it to shrink to 10% of its original size.

Food and Agriculture Organization's estimate for 2025 in Africa: 25 countries are expected to suffer from water shortage or water stress.

A simple video explanation of water scarcity

Water scarcity is a lack of fresh water. For us, and most land animals, fresh water is drinkable, and sea water is not. This is because sea water has a high salt content, which we and most land animals cannot deal with.

The need is not just for fresh water, but for clean water. That usually means water which is free of harmful bacteria and parasites and general dust and dirt.

In the 1860s the English engineer Joseph Bazalgette organized the London sewers to keep water free of cholera. This was followed by British engineers designing similar waterworks in many countries round the world. Later population growth has increased the demand for fresh water beyond the scope of these original water systems.

There are arid and desert areas, and places where the water is too polluted to drink. The situation has been made worse by population growth and industrial uses of water. Global warming tends to increase the need for fresh water for all land animals, including humans.

Therefore, water scarcity may be the result of both human and natural causes. Changes in climate and weather patterns can cause the availability of water to drop. Common human causes include over-consumption, bad governance, pollution, and increases in the demand for water.^[1]

Types

Different terms are used to describe different types of water scarcity:

A water shortage is when there is not enough water to meet demands. Changes in the weather, such as drought can cause water shortage.
Water stress is the difficulty of finding sources of fresh water for use.
A water crisis is a situation where the available supply of potable, clean water within an area is less than the demand for it.

Estimates

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that by 2025, 1.9 billion people will be living in countries or regions with total water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions.^[2] The World Bank has said that climate change could heavily change the future of water availability and use, and therefore increase water stress on a global scale.^[3]

Negative effects

Fresh water scarcity has negative effects on ecology, biodiversity, agriculture and human health. It has also led to armed conflicts in several cases. Some countries upriver have built dams to satisfy their needs for drinking water, irrigation and electric power. These needs have grown as populations has grown, and as climate changes has reduced rain in some places. Down river from the dam, supply is usually reduced. This creates tension between countries. The River Jordan in the Middle East, and the Nile are two good examples of where this is happening.

Water Scarcity Media

Map of global water stress (a symptom of water scarcity) in 2019. Water stress is the ratio of water use relative to water availability and is therefore a demand-driven scarcity.
Global physical and economic water scarcity
Global water consumption 1900–2025, by region, in billions m3 per year
Most water stressed countries in the world in 2020.
People collect clean drinking water from a tapstand in the town of Ghari Kharo, in western Sindh Province in Pakistan.
A typical dry lakebed is seen in California, which is experiencing its worst megadrought in 1,200 years, precipitated by climate change, and is therefore water rationing. Water scarcity and lack of water security present an existential threat.
Lake Chad has shrunk by 90% since the 1960s.
Average ecological water scarcity at the provincial level in China 2016-2019.
Children fetch water from a muddy stream in a rural area during dry season. The water is taken back home and undergoes filtration and other treatments before usage.