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Anglo-Saxons

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The famous helmet found at Sutton Hoo probably belonged to King Raedwald of East Anglia, about 625 AD. Based on a Roman parade helmet design, it has decorations like those on contemporary Swedish helmets found at Old Uppsala (from the British Museum)
The main Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms circa AD 600
First page of Beowulf

The Anglo-Saxons were the dominant people living in England from the mid-5th century AD until the Norman conquest in 1066. They spoke Germanic languages and are identified by Bede as the descendants of three powerful tribes.[1] These were the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.[1] Their language, Anglo-Saxon or Old English, came from West Germanic dialects. It changed into Middle English from about the 11th century. Old English was divided into four main dialects: West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian, and Kentish.

The Anglo-Saxon culture replaced the Celtic culture in the area that is now England. Modern historians do not think that the Anglo-Saxons drove the Celts away, but instead that they became an upper class to the Celts in England, and the Celts then became part of the Anglo-Saxon culture.[2] They created seven kingdoms in England. They never conquered Wales but Anglo-Saxon kings did claim overlordship from time to time.[3] Some Anglo-Saxons came to Britain as warriors, but others came peacefully to become farmers or to raise families.[4]

Anglo-Saxon migration

It is not known how many Anglo-Saxons actually came to Britain between the 4th and 6th century AD. Many sources say large numbers of Anglo-Saxon settlers arrived.[5] Because of this, some of the native Britons moved west, towards Wales and Cornwall. Others went to Armorica and became the Bretons. The language of the Anglo-Saxons, Old English, became the main language in southern Britain. A few Celtic and Latin words were borrowed into Old English.

In the areas such as Kent, Sussex, Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, many of the native Britons may have been driven out.[6] In other areas, some Britons likely remained and were absorbed into Anglo-Saxon society.[7] In 2011, a historian suggested that about 1 or 2 Anglo-Saxons came to England for every 10 Celts that were already there.[2]

Angles, Saxons and Jutes

It was Bede who identified the invaders as Angles, Saxons and Jutes.[8] But he sometimes used the names Angli and Saxones for the same people in different parts of his writings.[9] In Book I, Chapter 15 he said that by invitation of King Vortigern "Angles or Saxons" came to Britain in three longships.[10] Modern authorities confirm that Angles, Saxons, Frisians and some Jutes did come to England during this migration time period.[11] The differences between the tribes that moved to England were not significant. Kent was different in culture from other parts of England, mostly because it had close contact with parts of Europe such as Gaul.[12]

Certain styles of jewellery are recognized by archaeologists as being typical of Anglian, Saxon and Jutish areas in Northern Europe. But why the name England came to be used for the country and English for the language is not clear.[11] In Old English the people called themselves Engle, and in Latin they were called Angli, but nothing suggests the Angles made up the largest percentage of the Germanic peoples in Britain.[11] The name Englaland, which became 'England' was regularly used by the 11th century.[11]

Celtic words for the Anglo-Saxons

Further information: Saxon as a demonym

The native British people, who wrote in both Latin and Welsh (a Celtic language), referred to these invaders as Saxones or Saeson. The latter name is still used today in the Welsh word for English people, Saeson,[13] the English language, Saesneg, and things related to England, Seisnig. In the Scottish Gaelic language the word for an English person is sasannach and in Irish the word is sasanach.

Art

 
Anglo-Saxon jewellery
 
The Pentney hoard: early 9th century silver brooches

Anglo-Saxon art before the time of Alfred (who ruled from 871 to 899) is a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic techniques and styles. The Sutton Hoo treasure is an excellent example of very early Anglo-Saxon metalwork and jewellery. It came from a royal grave of the early 7th century. The period between Alfred and the Norman Conquest saw a distinct Anglo-Saxon style in art. This was due in part to the revival of the English economy and culture after the end of the Viking raids. This later style appears to have been in touch with trends in western Europe.

Anglo-Saxon art is mainly known today through illuminated manuscripts. Manuscripts were not the only Anglo-Saxon art form, but they have survived in much greater numbers than other types of objects. People in Europe at the time regarded Anglo-Saxon goldsmithing and embroidery as especially fine. The most common examples of Anglo-Saxon art are coins. Anglo-Saxon artists also worked in fresco, ivory, stone carving, metalwork and enamel, but few of these pieces have survived.

Literature

Old English literary works include epic poetry, biography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works, chronicles, riddles and others. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period.

A very famous work from this period is the poem Beowulf. It has achieved national epic status in Britain. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of important early English history. Cædmon's Hymn from the 7th century is the earliest attested literary text in (Old) English. One of the most valuable and important sources on Anglo-Saxon history is Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation.[11]

Anglo-Saxons Media

  • Page with Chi Rho monogram from the Gospel of Matthew in the Lindisfarne Gospels.

  • The migrations according to Bede, who wrote some 300 years after the arrival of Anglo-Saxon fashions in Britain. Archaeological and genetic evidence confirms that settlers in England came from these areas

  • The approximate extent of Anglo-Saxon expansion into the former Roman province of Britannia, by c.600

  • King Æthelstan presenting a gospel book to (the long-dead) St Cuthbert (934); Corpus Christi College, Cambridge MS 183, fol. 1v

  • A political map of Britain circa 650 (the names are in modern English)

  • Map of Britain in 802. By this date, historians today rarely distinguish between Angles, Saxons and Jutes.

  • The Oseberg ship prow, Viking Ship Museum, Oslo, Norway.

  • Anglo-Saxon-Viking coin weight. Material is lead and weighs approx 36 g. Embedded with a sceat dating to 720–750 AD and minted in Kent. It is edged with a dotted triangle pattern. Origin is the northern Danelaw region, and it dates from the late 8th to 9th century.

  • Silver brooch imitating a coin of Edward the Elder, c. 920, found in Rome, Italy. British Museum.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Emma Mason (January 22, 2016). "10 things you (probably) didn't know about the Anglo-Saxons". HIstoryExtra/BBC History Magazine. Immediate Media Company Ltd. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Härke, Heinrich (2011). "Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis". Medieval Archaeology. 55 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1179/174581711X13103897378311. S2CID 162331501.
  3. ↑ Nicholas Hooper; Matthew Bennett, The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768-1487 (Cambridge; New Yori: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 70
  4. ↑ Anglo-Saxons: Invasion and settlement. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/anglo_saxons/invasion_and_settlement/. Retrieved 14 April 2016. 
  5. ↑ The Oxford Handbookغ of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology, eds. Helena Hamerow; David A. Hinton; Sally Crawford (Corby: Oxford University Press 2010), p. 32
  6. ↑ Richard Coates, "Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English" (2017)[1]
  7. ↑ Toby F. Martin, The Cruciform Brooch in Anglo-Saxon England (2015: Boydell and Brewer Press), pp. 174-178
  8. ↑ Mark Harrison 1994. Anglo-Saxon Thegn AD 449-1066. London: Osprey, p3.
  9. ↑ William O. Frazer & Andrew Tyrell (eds) 2000. Social identity in early medieval Britain. Leicester University Press, p72.
  10. ↑ Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, trans. Leo Sherley Price, revd. R.E. Latham. Penguin 1990, p62.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Peter Hunter Blair & Simon Keynes 2003. An introduction to Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge University Press, p10/11.
  12. ↑ Frank Stenton 1971. Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford University Press, p10.
  13. ↑ John Davies, The history of Wales (London; New York: Penguin Books, 1993), p. 57

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