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Croatian Spring


Maspok (after Masovni pokret (Croatian), i.e. Mass movement) or the Croatian spring was a nationalist and secessionist rebel movement in the Socialist Republic of Croatia, Yugoslavia during the year of 1971. The movement's demands were initially around the exclusion of the use of the Serbian language and the exclusive use of the Croatian language in Croatia (even though Serbian and Croatian are considered dialects of the same language), declaration of Croatia as a national state of Croats and Croatia as a successor to the medieval Croatian kingdom. Maspok's ultimate goal was an independent Croatian state.[1] The Maspok movement was supported by a lot of Croatian Communists and the Ustaše emigration in the West.[2]

Movement political demands

There were three basic points the Maspok used to attack the federal government of Yugoslavia: distribution of Croatia's tourism revenue in other parts of Yugoslavia, the amount of money Croatia contributed to the underdeveloped Yugoslav republics, and the question of the official Croatian language in Croatia. Maspok demanded recognition of the Croatian language as the official language in Croatia, its exclusive use in education, media, and the state affairs, which meant the expulsion of the Serbian language from Croatia.[1] Maspok insisted on the specific nature of the Croats and their culture and civilization, as well as cultural differences between Croats and other ethnic groups and ethnic minorities in Yugoslavia. The movement, broadly supported by Croats, demanded a separate national Croatian bank, Croatian army, and Croatian representative in the United Nations separate from the Yugoslav representation.[3] Matica hrvatska (a Croatian cultural organization) and Hrvatski tjednik (Croatian Weekly newspaper) went so far to publish a constitution draft for the new Croatian state.[4]Matica hrvatska published (November 1971) a full list of the Maspok's demands: Croatia defined as the state of Croatian people only, Croatian representative in the United Nations, Croatian national bank and national currency, Croatian army and Croat conscripts serving only Croatian army, Croatian language used in the army, Croatian state affairs, education, and media.[5] Matica hrvatska, at the time the Maspok movement culmination, cancelled the work on the Serbo-Croatian dictionary and rejected the Novi Sad Agreement (about the common Serbo-Croatian language). The Novi Sad Agreement based Serbo-Croatian language orthography was replaced by the Croatian language orthography written by S. Babic, B. Finka, and M. Mogus and printed by the Matica hrvatska the same 1971. year. Zagreb University provided a broad and a public support to the Maspok political demands. The Zagreb University students staged mass demonstrations in Croatia in order to express their support to Maspok.[6]

Maspok development and demise

According to some historians, Maspok was an Ustaše insurgency in Yugoslavia mentored, guarded and supported by Savka Dabčević-Kučar, Miko Tripalo and Pero Pirker, the political leadership of the Croatian Communist League. That time the Croatian Communist League general secretary, Miloš Žanko, publicly denounced the destructive nationalism of Matica hrvatska, Dabčević-Kučar, Tripalo, and Pirker. Žanko, on the Tenth plenum of the Croatian Communists (January 1970) accused Dabčević-Kučar, Tripalo, and Piker claiming that these three worked along with Matica hrvatska against the Yugoslav socialism and on the destabilization of Yugoslavia.[7] By the Josip Broz approval and the Bakarić's help, Žanko was excommunicated from the Croatian Communist League on the same plenum.[8] Another strong opposition to Maspok came from the members of the Zagreb Praxis group (Rudi Supek, Milan Kangrga, most notably).[9][2]

Some minor actions against Serbs in Croatia were demonstrated by defacing or destroying Cyrillic signs and by outbreaks of violence at soccer matches. The Croatian leadership persuaded Broz that they had the situation under control. When Broz visited Croatia in July 1971 the Croatian anthem was played after the Yugoslav one.[10]

Josip Broz suppressed Maspok and, at the same time, made a great concession to the Croatian nationalism. Broz allowed use of the Croatian language in Croatia and confederalized Yugoslav Constitution in 1974, giving a veto rights to the Yugoslav republics when eventually attempting to change the Constitution. The 1974 Yugoslav Constitution was a source of a great dissatisfaction and concern of the Serbs in Yugoslavia.[11] The Croatian Communist League leadership, Dabčević-Kučar, Tripalo, and Pirker were forced to resign from their state and the Communist League positions and some of the Maspok leaders were arrested and imprisoned.[12] Among the arrested Maspok leaders were Franjo Tuđman and Bruno Bušić.[13]

Broz's persecution of Serbian academia and liberals in other Yugoslav republics

During the year of 1972. Broz removed from the politics and state affairs Serbian Communists Marko Nikezić and Latinka Perović, Slovene Stane Kavčič, and Macedonian Krste Crvenkovski. According to historians, the rule of the for-life Yugoslav President were more dangerous Yugoslav liberals than the Croatian Maspok.[14]

In order to consolate Croatian nationalists, Broz persecuted Serbian academics who pointed at subordinated position of the Serbian people in Yugoslavia. The two leading Serbian intellectuals, Dobrica Ćosić (prominent Serbian writer) and Mihailo Đurić (Belgrade University Law School professor) questioned justification of the Albanian autonomy on the historic Serbian province Kosovo and asked why the Serbs in Croatia did not have any autonomous status, and why Vojvodina had the autonomous status despite the fact that the majority of her inhabitants were the Serbs. These two intellectuals were publicly denounced by the Broz's regime and persecuted.[15] Professor Đurić, seeing the escalation of the Maspok nationalism and secessionism in Croatia, warned that at that time Serbia's status in Yugoslavia was highly discriminatory and that Serbia was mercilessly and unjustly accused for advocating centralism and unitarianism. Đurić warned further that it was forbidden to raise questions about responsibility of those who committed the genocide of Serbian people in the Independent State of Croatia during the WWII. He said that the borders of the Socialist Republic of Serbia are not national nor historic borders of the Serbs in Yugoslavia.[16] The Prof. Đurić trial and verdict were the part of the Broz's regime political equilibrium in the time of the Maspok activity culmination in Croatia and the time of the Maspok's leadership trial and imprisonment.[17]

Croatian Spring and dissolution of Yugoslavia

Croatian Spring played a significant role in the drafting Yugoslav Constitution of 1974. The Constitution paralyzed the federal power of Yugoslavia by shifting the state administrative power to the Yugoslav republics.[18] The Constitution, being insufficiently unclear and already the result of compromises with various nationalist groups in the republics and provinces, was a blueprint for secession.[19]

Croatian Spring Media

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Trbovich 2008, pp. 162.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Levi 2007, pp. 51.
  3. ↑ Vlastimir Sudar: A Portrait of the Artist as a Political Dissident: The Life and Work of Aleksandar Petrović, Intellect Books, 2013 page 203
  4. ↑ Geert-Hinrich Ahrens:Diplomacy on the Edge: Containment of Ethnic Conflict and the Minorities Working Group of the Conferences on Yugoslavia, Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Mar 6. 2007, page 108
  5. ↑ R. J. Crampton: The Balkans Since the Second World War, Routledge, Jul 15, 2014. pp. 133
  6. ↑ Keith Langston, Anita Peti-Stantić: Language Planning and National Identity in Croatia, Palgrave Macmillan, Sep 10, 2014
  7. ↑ R. J. Crampton: The Balkans Since the Second World War Routledge, Jul 15, 2014. pp. 132
  8. ↑ John R. Lampe: Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country, Cambridge University Press. Mar 28. 2000, page 308.
  9. ↑ Lee M. Roberts:Germany and the imagined East, Cambridge Scholars Press, 2005 page 52
  10. ↑ R.J. Crampton page 133
  11. ↑ Momčilo Diklić: Srbi u Hrvatskoj 1945-1991: period potiranja nacionalnog identiteta, Institut za Evropske studije, 2007. page 109-112
  12. ↑ Cvijeto Job: Yugoslavia's Ruin: The Bloody Lessons of Nationalism, a Patriot's Warning Rowman & Littlefield, Jan 1, 2002. pp. 75
  13. ↑ Nova Hrvatska 1972. page 74
  14. ↑ Jasminka Udovicki, James Ridgeway: Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia, Duke University Press. Oct 31. 2000, page 73
  15. ↑ Jasna Dragovic-Soso: Saviours of the Nation: Serbia's Intellectual Opposition and the Revival of Nationalism, McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, Oct 9, 2002 page 44
  16. ↑ Hilde Katrine Haug: Creating a Socialist Yugoslavia: Tito, Communist Leadership and the National Question, I.B.Tauris, Mar 30, 2012
  17. ↑ Nick Miller: The Nonconformists: Culture, Politics, and Nationalism in a Serbian Intellectual Circle, 1944-1991, Central European University Press 2007 page 202
  18. ↑ Branko Belan: In the Name of Independence: The Unmaking of Tito's Yugoslavia, Lulu.com, page 6
  19. ↑ Dejan Jović: Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away, Purdue University Press, 2009 page 32

Sources

  • Trbovich, Ana S (2008). A legal geography of Yugoslavia's disintegration. Oxford Univ Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-19-533343-5.
  • Levi, Pavle (2007). Disintegration in Frames: Aesthetics and Ideology in the Yugoslav and Post-Yugoslav Cinema. Stanford University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780804753685.

Other websites

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