Granite

Most buildings in Aberdeen are made of granite

Various granites (cut and polished surfaces) The different colours are caused by different proportions of the minerals

Granite is a kind of igneous rock, found on Earth but nowhere else in the Solar System. It is formed from hot, molten magma. Its colour can be dark or light grey, brown, or even pink, according to the proportions of its minerals.

The magma is forced between other layers of rock by the pressure under the Earth's surface. The magma cools and turns slowly into solid stone. Granite has many different types of minerals in it. These include quartz, feldspar, hornblende, and sometimes mica. As the magma cools, these minerals form crystals. The crystals can be seen easily if the granite is cut and polished.

Granite is a common stone on Earth, and makes up a big part of the crust (the Earth's outer layer). It is usually found in the continental plates of the Earth's crust. Although it forms under the surface of the Earth, there are many places where it has been forced upwards by tectonic movement. When plates in the Earth's crust move together, they get bent and pushed upwards. When this happens, granite mountains can be formed.

Origin

Granite forms from silica-rich (felsic) magmas. It is the most abundant basement rock. It lies under the thin sedimentary rocks which cover the continents

Chemical composition

A worldwide average of the chemical composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses:

SiO2	72.04% (silica)	72.04
Al2O3	14.42% (alumina)	14.42
K2O	4.12%	4.12
Na2O	3.69%	3.69
CaO	1.82%	1.82
FeO	1.68%	1.68
Fe2O3	1.22%	1.22
MgO	0.71%	0.71
TiO2	0.30%	0.3
P2O5	0.12%	0.12
MnO	0.05%	0.05

Uses

Granite is dense, and can be cut, carved and shaped. It is resistant to water and pollution, and has a range of different colours.

Kitchen benches are often made of polished granite. Granite is found in many countries of the world. Some countries have beautifully patterned granite which is quarried (cut in open mines) and sold for building material.

Gallery

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  The Cheesewring, a granite tor on the southern edge of Bodmin Moor, Cornwall

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  Polished granite from Brazil

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  A granite wall in Jersey

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  A life-sized elephant carved from granite, India

Granite Media

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  Thin section of granite

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  QAPF diagram with granite field highlighted

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  Mineral assemblage of igneous rocks

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  A granite peak at Huangshan, China

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  Pink granite at Hiltaba, South Australia (part of the Hiltaba Suite)

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  Granite with quartz veins at Gros la Tête cliff, Aride Island, Seychelles

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  Grus sand and granitoid from which it derived

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  Granite dimension stone quarry in Taivassalo, Finland

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  Cleopatra's Needle, London