Hungarian language

Hungarian
Hungarian
magyar
Native to	Hungary and areas of Austria, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine
Native speakers	14–15 million (2005)
Language family	Uralic Ugric? Hungarian; ;
Writing system	Latin (Hungarian alphabet); Hungarian Braille
Official status
Official language in	Hungary; European Union Slovakia (regional language), Slovenia (regional language), Serbia (regional language), Austria (regional language), some official rights in Romania, Ukraine and Croatia
Recognised minority language in	Romania; Ukraine; Croatia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Serbia; Austria
Regulated by	Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Language codes
ISO 639-1	hu
ISO 639-2	hun
ISO 639-3	Either:; hun – Modern Hungarian; ohu – Old Hungarian
Linguist List	ohu Old Hungarian
	Regions of the Carpathian Basin where the Hungarian language is spoken

Hungarian is a Uralic language. The Hungarian name for the language is Magyar.

The Finno-Ugric languages also include Finnish, Estonian, Lappic (Sámi) and some other languages spoken in Russia: Khanty and Mansi are the most closely related to Hungarian. The Hungarian name for the language is Magyar.

Although Hungarian is not an Indo-European language, unlike most other European languages, its vocabulary has many words from Slavic and Turkic languages and also from German.

Speakers and dialects

Hungarian is spoken by approximately 13 million people. Most of them live in Hungary (around 10 million) and Romania (around 1.5 million), but there are also speakers in Slovakia, the northern part of Serbia (Vojvodina), Ukraine and other countries. Hungarian is the official language of Hungary and one of the official languages of the European Union (EU). It is also an official language of the Autonomous Republic of Vojvodina (Serbia) and of some places in the Republic of Slovenia.

Hungarian has several dialects, but people can easily understand one another. The Csángó dialect in Romania, however, is archaic and has changed less than the other dialects.

Hungarian literary language is based on the Northeastern dialect.

Although Hungarian is not an Indo-European language, its vocabulary has many words from Slavic and Turkic languages and also from German.

Grammar

Hungarian grammar is very different from that of Indo-European languages like English.

Hungarian has no grammatical gender. For example, there are no separate words for "he" and "she" but there is one pronoun (ő). Instead of prepositions, (like "from" or "with"), Hungarian uses suffixes (particles at the end of main words). For example, "from Budapest" becomes Budapestről, and "with Alexandra" becomes Alexandrával.

Another Hungarian feature is vowel harmony: suffixes change according to (harmonise with) the vowel of the main word. If they have a in the word, the suffix normally has a as well (fa "tree" and fával "with a tree"), and if they have e, the suffix will change to have e as well' (teve "camel" and tevével "with a camel").

Hungarian words have the accent on the first syllable.

Writing

The Hungarian alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. Some letters have diacritics (dots or commas above them) and so Hungarian has 44 letters, more than the 26 of English.

Since Hungarian writing is mostly phonetic, it is easy to write words by knowing their pronunciation.

History

The earliest known written Hungarian words are to be found in a Latin document, the Foundation Charter of the Abbey of Tihany (1054). The Funeral Oration and Prayer (1192-95) and the Old Hungarian Lament of Mary (13th century) are the earliest known continuous Hungarian texts.

In the 16th century, the first printed Hungarian texts were published. The modern literary language appeared in the 18th and the 19th centuries.

Hungarian replaced Latin as the official language of Hungary between 1844 and 1849 and then again in 1867.

Hungarian Language Media

Funeral Sermon and Prayer, 12th century
A page from the first book written completely in Hungarian, 1533
The Bible in Hungarian
Areas of Transylvania, in Romania, where Hungarian has co-official status (areas in which at least 20% of the population is Hungarian)
Official usage of Hungarian language in Vojvodina, Serbia
SVG version of IPA vowel chart for Hungarian, showing the "short a" as a rounded vowel in contrast to
Hungarian vowel chart.svg, per: Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian"
The oldest surviving words written in Hungarian, from the founding declaration of the Benedictine Abbey of Tihany, 1055.
It reads "feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea" (in modern Hungarian "Fehérvárra menő hadi útra", meaning "to the military road going to Fehérvár")
Hungarian-language road sign
Medieval Hungarian book (a copy of the Hussite Bible), 1466