Voiceless alveolar fricative

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Voiceless alveolar sibilant
s
IPA number132
Encoding
Entity (decimal)s
Unicode (hex)U+0073
X-SAMPAs
 

The voiceless alveolar fricative is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨s⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨s⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by 's' in sun and sorry.

Features

  • Its phonation is voiceless. It means that we produce this sound without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • We produce it at alveolar. It means that we produce this sound with the tip of the tongue(apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
  • Its behavior is fricative. It means that we produce this sound by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.

Examples

Language Word IPA Meaning
Adyghe 'с'э/sė [sa] 'I'
Arabic Modern Standard[1] جَلَسَ/ǧalasa [ˈdʒælæsɐ] 'to sit'
Assyrian ܣܝܦܐ 's'èpa [seːpaː] 'sword'
Bengali 'রা'স্তা [raːst̪a] 'street'
Burmese စစားဗျီ/ca carr bhye [sə sá bjì] 'I am eating now'
Chinese Cantonese 閃 / 's'im2 [siːm˧˥] 'twinkle'
Dutch Belgian Standard[2] 's'taan [staːn] 'to stand'
Emilian and Romagnol 's'èl [ˈs̺ʲɛːl] 'salt'
Estonian 's'õna [ˈsɤnɑ] 'word'
English sit [sɪt] 'sit'
Esperanto E's'peranto [espeˈranto] 'Who hopes'
Faroese 's'andur [sandʊɹ] 'sand'
Georgian[3] 'ს'ამი/sami [ˈsɑmi] 'three'
Hebrew ספר/sefer [ˈsefeʁ] 'book'
Hindustani साल / سال [saːl] 'year'
Japanese[4] 複数形 / fuku's'ūkē [ɸɯkɯsɯːkeː] 'plural'
Kabardian 'с'э/sė [sa] 'I'
Khmer អេស្ប៉ាញ / éspanh [ʔeːpaːɲ] noun: 'Spain'
adjective: 'Spanish'
Korean 섬 / 's'eom [sʌːm] 'island'
Malay 's'atu [satu] 'one'
Maltese iebe's' [eaˈbes] 'hard'
Marathi साप [saːp] 'snake'
Nepali 'स'गरमाथा [sʌɡʌrmät̪ʰä] 'Mount Everest'
Odia 'ସ'ମାନ [sɔmänɔ] 'equal'
Occitan Limousin mai'ch'ent [mejˈsẽ] 'bad'
Persian سیب / 's'ib [sib] 'apple'
Portuguese[5] ca'ç'o [ˈkasu] 'I hunt'
Punjabi ਸੱਪ/sapp [səpː] 'snake'
Spanish[6] Latin American 's'altador [s̻al̪t̪aˈð̞o̞r] 'jumper'
Canarian
Andalusian
Filipino
Swahili Ki's'wahili [kiswaˈhili] 'Swahili'
Sylheti ꠢꠂ'ꠍꠦ'/oise [ɔise] 'done'
Vietnamese[7] 'x'a [saː˧] 'far'
Yi ꌦ 's'y [sɻ̩˧] 'die'

Notes

  1. ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  2. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
  3. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  4. ↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  5. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  6. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
  7. ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

References

  • Thelwall, Robin. Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2) (1990). p. 37–41. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266.
  • Collins, Beverley. The Phonetics of English and Dutch (2003). Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9004103405.
  • Shosted, Ryan K.. Standard Georgian. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2) (2006). p. 255–264. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659.
  • Okada, Hideo. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (1999)Cambridge University Press. p. 117–119. ISBN 978-0-52163751-0.
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena. European Portuguese. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2) (1995). p. 90–94. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223.
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio. Castilian Spanish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2) (2003). p. 255–259. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373.
  • Thompson, Laurence C.. Saigon phonemics. Language 35 (3) (1959). p. 454–476. doi:10.2307/411232.
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