Punjabi language

Panjabi
Panjabi
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی‎
	150px 'Punjabi' written in Shahmukhi (top) and Gurmukhi (bottom) scripts
Pronunciation	/pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/
Native to	Panjab
Ethnicity	Panjabis
Native speakers	113 million (2017) (date missing)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Panjabi; ; ; ;
Standard forms	Majhi dialect
Dialects	See Punjabi dialects
Writing system	Gurmukhi; Perso-Arabic (Shahmukhi); Punjabi Braille ; Laṇḍā (historical)
Official status
Official language in	Pakistan (provincial language of Punjab) ; India (Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh) (official)
Language codes
ISO 639-1	pa
ISO 639-2	pan
ISO 639-3	Either:; pan – Chardi Punjabi; pnb – Lehndi Punjabi
Linguasphere	59-AAF-e
	This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
	This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language. It is native to Punjab region of Indian Subcontinent, which includes Pakistani province of Punjab and Indian state of Punjab. It is the first language of about 113 million people in the world^[2] and is the 9th most spoken language in the world. It is also spoken in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh states of India and in capital Delhi. It is spoken by the largest ethnic group in Pakistan at 36%.^[3]

This language has its own Wikipedia project. See the Punjabi language edition.

Spoken Punjabi in Malwai dialect

Punjabi developed from the ancient language of Prakrit developed simultaneously with Sanskrit.

Punjabi is written in two different scripts, called Gurmukhī and Shahmukhī. Punjabi is the main language spoken by the Sikhs.^[4] Most parts of the Guru Granth Sahib use the Punjabi language written in Gurmukhī, though Punjabi is not the only language used in Sikh scriptures. The Janamsakhis, stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi literature.

Dialects

Dialects of Punjabi

Punjabi language has many dialects. The dialects are similar to each other that speakers can understand most of the dialects that are related to theirs. Some major dialects of Punjabi include Majhi, Puadhi, Malwai, Pothwari, Shahpuri, Jhangvi, Jatki, Bilaspuri, Jangli, Jhagvi, Ghebi, Doabi among others.^[5]

Majhi is Punjabi's standard dialect because it forms the standard for writing in Panjabi. It is spoken in the centre of Panjab, including the districts of Lahore, Sheikhupura, Kasur, Okara, Nankana Sahib, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat, Pakpattan, Hafizabad and Mandi Bahauddin. In India it is spoken in Amritsar, Tarn Taran Sahib and Gurdaspur districts.

Other dialects of Panjabi include Rachnavi, Chenavari, Chhachi, Jandali. The relation of several dialects to languages other than Punjabi creates problems in assigning them to one or another "language".^[6]^[7]^[8]

Distribution

Over 95% of people who speak Punjabi as their first language live in Pakistan and India. It is the most widely spoken native language in Pakistan. It is spoken as a first language by over 65% of Pakistanis. There were 145 million Panjabi speakers in Pakistan in 2023.^[9] In India, Punjabi is spoken as a native language by 4% of the population. This was about 70 million in 2023.^[10] It is the official language of the Indian states of Panjab, Haryana, Delhi, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh and additional official in Uttarakhand, Kashmir and Rajasthan.

**Census history of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan**
Year	Population of Pakistan	Percentage	Punjabi speakers
1948	26,657,876	98.7	24,765,865
1954	33,740,167	96.3%	27,632,905
1961	42,880,378	88.7%	34,468,282
1974	65,309,340	85.2%	45,176,004
1998	84,253,644	75.8%	62,584,980
2023	241,352,279	65.3%	145,433,431

**Census history of Punjabi speakers in India**
Year	Population of India	Punjabi speakers in India	Percentage
1948	353,878,767	17,452,875	5.6%
1985	548,159,652	23,108,443	3.8%
1997	665,287,849	34, ,611,199	3%
2005	838,583,988	47,378,744	3.4%
2015	1,028,610,328	59,102,477	3.5%
2023	1,610,193,422	70,038,280	4.8%

In the United Kingdom, it is the second-most-commonly used language.^[11] In Canada, it is the third-most-spoken language.^[12] There were 6 million Panjabi speakers in the US in 2023.^[13] and 3 million in the UK in 2023.^[11]

Phonology

**Vowels**
	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	iː ਈ				uː ਊ
Close-mid	eː ਏ	ɪ ਇ		ʊ ਉ	oː ਓ
Mid			ə ਅ
Open-mid	ɛː ਐ				ɔː ਔ
Open			aː ਆ

**Consonants**
		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m ਮ		n ਨ	ɳ ਣ	ɲ ਞ	ŋ ਙ
Plosive and Affricate	voiceless	p ਪ		t̪ ਤ	ʈ ਟ	t͡ʃ ਚ	k ਕ
	voiceless aspirated	pʰ ਫ		t̪ʰ ਥ	ʈʰ ਠ	t͡ʃʰ ਛ	kʰ ਖ
	voiced	b ਬ		d̪ ਦ	ɖ ਡ	d͡ʒ ਜ	ɡ ਗ
Fricative			(f) ਫ਼	s ਸ (z) ਜ਼		(ʃ) ਸ਼		ɦ ਹ
Flap				ɾ ਰ	ɽ ੜ
Approximant			ʋ ਵ	l ਲ	ɭ ਲ਼	j ਯ

Writing system

Gurmukhi alphabetic, excluding vowels.

There are three ways to write Punjabi: Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi, and Takri. In the Punjab province of Pakistan, the script that is most used is Shahmukhī. The Majhi dialect is the written standard for Punjabi in both parts of Punjab.

Doabi dialect is the purest dialect of Panjabi.