Luxembourg
Luxembourg (officially called the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: [Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), French: [Grand-Duché de Luxembourg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), German: [Großherzogtum Luxemburg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) is a landlocked country in Western Europe.
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
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| Location of Luxembourg (dark green) – on the European continent (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green) — [Legend] Location of Luxembourg (dark green) – on the European continent (green & dark grey) | |
| Capital and largest city | Luxembourg 49°36′N 6°7′E / 49.600°N 6.117°E |
| Official languages | Luxembourgish French German |
| Demonym(s) | Luxembourgers |
| Government | Unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy under a military junta |
| Henri (List) | |
| Luc Frieden (List) | |
| Legislature | Chamber of Deputies |
| Independence | |
• From French empire (Treaty of Paris) | 9 June 1815 |
| 19 April 1839 | |
| 11 May 1867 | |
• End of personal union | 23 November 1890 |
| Area | |
• Total | 2,586.4 km2 (998.6 sq mi) (175th) |
• Water (%) | 0.60% |
| Population | |
• 2023 estimate | 660,809 (170th) |
• 2021 census | 643,941 |
• Density | 255/km2 (660.4/sq mi) (67th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate |
• Total | $41.221 billion[1] (94th) |
• Per capita | $80,119[1] (2nd) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate |
• Total | $58.412 billion[1] (69th) |
• Per capita | $113,533[1] (1st) |
| HDI (2011) |  0.867[2]very high · 25th |
| Currency | Euro (€)2 (EUR) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | 352 |
| ISO 3166 code | LU |
| Internet TLD | .lu3 |
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![Location of Luxembourg (dark green) – on the European continent (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green) — [Legend]](/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&wpDestFile=EU-Luxembourg.svg){kind=link}
It is a small country by land area. In 2023, its population was 660,809, making it one of Europe's most densely populated countries.
It was one of the first countries in the European Union. It is also a member of the Benelux. The countries next to Luxembourg are Belgium, Germany, and France. The main language is Luxembourgish but French and German is also spoken there.
History
In 963, Luxembourg was founded. Sigefroid, Count of Ardennes, came to own the ruins of an old Roman fort called "Castellum Lucilinburhuc" ("Little Castle") from the monks of the Abbey of St. Maximin in Trier.[3] In 1354, the emperor Charles IV made Luxembourg a duchy. In 1443, Luxembourg was captured by Philip of Burgundy.[4]
In, 1795, after the French revolution Luxembourg was taken over by France.[5][6] It became a département of France.[5] In 1815, Luxembourg became a grand duchy. It was ruled by the king of the Netherlands. From 1815 to 1866, Luxembourg became a member of the German Confederation. In 1890, after the death of William III, Luxembourg passed to the House of Nassau-Weilburg.[7]
Between 1914 to 1918, Luxembourg was conquered by Germany during World War I.[8] In 1940, the Germans returned during World War II, and in 1942 Luxembourg became part of the Third Reich.[9] In 1944, Luxembourg became independent in September because the United States Army arrived. In 1945, Luxembourg joined the United Nations.[10]
In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the first six members of the European Economic Community.[11] In 2020, Luxembourg became the first country in the world to make all public transport free to use.[12]
Politics
Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy lead by a constitutional monarch. Under the constitution of 1868, executive power is in the hands of the Governor and the cabinet, which consists of several other ministers.[13]
Climate
Luxembourg has a continental climate.[14]
The highest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was 40.8 °C (105.4 °F), on 25 July 2019 in Steinsel.[15]
The lowest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) on 2 February 1956 in Wiltz.
Top 5 warmest days
| Rank | Temperature | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) | 25 July 2019 | Steinsel |
| 2. | 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) | 12 August 2003 | Schengen |
| 3. | 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) | 19 July 2022 | Esch-sur-Alzette |
| 4. | 39.4 °C (102.9 °F) | 8 August 2003 | Remich |
| 5. | 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) | 9 August 2020 | Esch-sur-Alzette |
Districts, cantons, and communes
Luxembourg is divided into twelve cantons. These twelve cantons are divided into 102 communes (towns or cities), which have local governments.[16]
Districts
Until 2015, Luxembourg's cantons were sorted into three districts. These are not to be confused with the electoral districts of Luxembourg, which are used to elect members of the parliament.
The districts were:
Luxembourg Media
- Ons Heemecht.ogg
The national anthem of Luxembourg, composed in the 19th century and performed here by members of the United States Navy Band.
- De Wilhelmus.ogg
De Wilhelmus
- Codex aureus Epternacensis folio 24 2.jpg
Text page from the Codex Aureus of Echternach, an important surviving codex, was produced in the Abbey of Echternach in the 11th century.
- Charles IV-John Ocko votive picture-fragment.jpg
Charles IV, the 14th-century Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia from the House of Luxembourg
- Festungsplan.von.Luxemburg.jpg
Historic map (undated) of Luxembourg City's fortifications
- Alsace-lorraine.JPG
Frontier with Alsace-Lorraine from 1871 to 1918
- Luxembourg City Chambre des députés Nov 2009.jpg
The Hall of the Chamber of Deputies, the meeting place of the Luxembourgish national legislature, the Chamber of Deputies, in Luxembourg City
The Grand Ducal Palace in Luxembourg City, the official residence of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg
- EU Court of Justice overview.jpg
The Court of Justice of the European Union, seated in Luxembourg City
- Soldats luxembourgeois.jpg
Luxembourgish soldiers on parade during National Day, Grand Duke Day, 23 June
Related pages
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lua error in Module:Commons_link at line 62: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).. |
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- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
- ↑ Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.35
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
- ↑ Kreins (2003), p. 66
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
- ↑ Abnett, Kate (29 February 2020). "Luxembourg becomes first country to make public transport free". Reuters (Luxembourg). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-luxembourg-politics-transportation-idUSKBN20N0RX. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).