Luxembourg
Luxembourg (officially called the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, German: Großherzogtum Luxemburg) is a landlocked country in Western Europe.
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
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| Anthem: | |
![Location of Luxembourg (dark green) – on the European continent (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green) — [Legend]](/wiki/File:EU-Luxembourg.svg) Location of Luxembourg (dark green) – on the European continent (green & dark grey) | |
| Capital and largest city | Luxembourg 49°36′N 6°7′E / 49.600°N 6.117°E |
| Official languages | Luxembourgish French German |
| Demonym(s) | Luxembourgers |
| Government | Unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy under a military junta |
| Henri (List) | |
| Luc Frieden (List) | |
| Legislature | Chamber of Deputies |
| Independence | |
• From French empire (Treaty of Paris) | 9 June 1815 |
| 19 April 1839 | |
| 11 May 1867 | |
• End of personal union | 23 November 1890 |
| Area | |
• Total | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1850: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). (175th) |
• Water (%) | 0.60% |
| Population | |
• 2023 estimate | 660,809[1] (170th) |
• 2021 census | 643,941 |
• Density | Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1850: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). (67th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate |
• Total | $41.221 billion[2] (94th) |
• Per capita | $80,119[2] (2nd) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate |
• Total | $58.412 billion[2] (69th) |
• Per capita | $113,533[2] (1st) |
| HDI (2011) |  0.867[3]very high · 25th |
| Currency | Euro (€)2 (EUR) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | 352 |
| ISO 3166 code | LU |
| Internet TLD | .lu3 |
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It is a small country by land area. In 2023, its population was 660,809, making it one of Europe's most densely populated countries.
It was one of the first countries in the European Union. It is also a member of the Benelux. The countries next to Luxembourg are Belgium, Germany, and France. The main language is Luxembourgish but French and German is also spoken there.
History timeline
- 963 - Luxembourg was founded. Sigefroid, Count of Ardennes, came to own the ruins of an old Roman fort called "Castellum Lucilinburhuc" ("Little Castle") from the monks of the Abbey of St. Maximin in Trier.
- 1354 - The emperor Charles IV made Luxembourg a duchy.
- 1437 - There were no people in the ruling family alive. The castle was given to the Habsburgs.
- 1443 - Luxembourg was captured by Philip of Burgundy.
- 1482 - Mary of Burgundy died. Luxembourg was ruled by the Habsburgs again.
- 1795 - After the French revolution Luxembourg was taken over by France. It became a département of France.
- 1815 - Luxembourg became a grand duchy. It was ruled by the king of the Netherlands.
- 1815-1866 - Luxembourg became a member of the German Confederation.
- 1890 - After the death of William III, Luxembourg passed to the House of Nassau-Weilburg.
- 1914-1918 - Luxembourg was conquered by Germany during World War I.
- 1940 - The Germans returned during World War II, and in 1942 Luxembourg became part of the Third Reich.
- 1944 - Luxembourg became independent in September because the United States Army arrived.
- 1945 - Luxembourg joined the United Nations
- 1957 - Luxembourg became one of the first six members of the European Economic Community. That is now called the European Union.
- 2020 - Luxembourg became the first country in the world to make all public transport free to use.[4]
Politics
Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy lead by a constitutional monarch. Under the constitution of 1868, executive power is in the hands of the Governor and the cabinet, which consists of several other ministers.
Climate
Luxembourg has a continental climate.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was 40.8 °C (105.4 °F), on 25 July 2019 in Steinsel.[5]
The lowest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) on 2 February 1956 in Wiltz.
Top 5 warmest days
| Rank | Temperature | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) | 25 July 2019 | Steinsel |
| 2. | 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) | 12 August 2003 | Schengen |
| 3. | 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) | 19 July 2022 | Esch-sur-Alzette |
| 4. | 39.4 °C (102.9 °F) | 8 August 2003 | Remich |
| 5. | 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) | 9 August 2020 | Esch-sur-Alzette |
Districts, cantons, and communes
Luxembourg is divided into twelve cantons. These twelve cantons are divided into 102 communes (towns or cities), which have local governments.
Districts
Until 2015, Luxembourg's cantons were sorted into three districts. These are not to be confused with the electoral districts of Luxembourg, which are used to elect members of the parliament.
The districts were:
Luxembourg Media
The national anthem of Luxembourg, composed in the 19th century and performed here by members of the United States Navy Band.
De Wilhelmus
Text page from the Codex Aureus of Echternach, an important surviving codex, was produced in the Abbey of Echternach in the 11th century.
Charles IV, the 14th-century Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia from the House of Luxembourg
Historic map (undated) of Luxembourg City's fortifications
Frontier with Alsace-Lorraine from 1871 to 1918
The Hall of the Chamber of Deputies, the meeting place of the Luxembourgish national legislature, the Chamber of Deputies, in Luxembourg City
The Grand Ducal Palace in Luxembourg City, the official residence of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg
- EU Court of Justice overview.jpg
The Court of Justice of the European Union, seated in Luxembourg City
Luxembourgish soldiers on parade during National Day, Grand Duke Day, 23 June
Related pages
References
- ↑ [0=Th%C3%A8mes%2C1%7CPopulation%20et%20emploi%23B%23%7CEtat%20de%20la%20population%23B1%23&pg=0&fc=Th%C3%A8mes&df[ds]=ds-release&df[id]=DF_B1102&df[ag]=LU1&df[vs]=1.0&pd=2015%2C2023&dq=A..&ly[rw]=AGE&ly[cl]=SEX&lo=1 "Population par âge et sexe au 1er janvier"] Archived 2023-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, Le Portail des statistiques: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, 18 April 2023. (in French) Retrieved 26 April 2023.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Luxembourg". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ↑ "Human Development Report 2011" (PDF). United Nations. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ↑ Abnett, Kate (29 February 2020). "Luxembourg becomes first country to make public transport free". Reuters (Luxembourg). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-luxembourg-politics-transportation-idUSKBN20N0RX. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ↑ "Luxembourg scorches on hottest day ever". Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-02-12.