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Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (born October 27, 1945) is a Brazilian politician and former trade union leader who is the current President of Brazil since January 1, 2023. He previously was president from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2010. He is a co-founder and member of the Workers' Party. He was a Federal Deputy for São Paulo from 1987 to 1991. He had run three times for president, until winning the presidency during his fourth campaign in 2002, when he was elected to replace Fernando Henrique Cardoso. He was re-elected in 2006 in a landslide victory.

In his first tenure as president, Lula created social programs including Bolsa Família and Fome Zero, which helped fight against poverty and the lower class citizens of Brazil. He also had an important role in international politics such as the nuclear program of Iran and climate change.[1] He helped lower deforestation in the Amazons. His second term became controversial because of many scandals, such as the Mensalão scandal. However, after leaving office, he was seen as one of the most popular presidents in Brazil's history and most popular leader of the world.[2][3] Lula is a popular figure in Brazilian politics and his ideas have been called Lulism.[2][3][4]

In early 2016, Lula was appointed Chief of Staff under his successor Dilma Rousseff, but his appointment was blocked because of federal investigations against him at the time.[5][6] In July 2017, Lula was convicted on charges of money laundering and corruption in a controversial trial, and sentenced to nine and a half years in prison.[7] After an unsuccessful appeal, Lula was arrested in April 2018 and spent 580 days in jail.[8][9][10] In 2021, his sentence was overturned by the Supreme Court of Brazil because his jail sentence was seen as politically motivated.[11]

Lula ran for president again in 2018, however dropped out after being charged for bribery. In May 2021, Lula said he would run for a third term in the 2022 general election, against the incumbent President Jair Bolsonaro. In October 2022 in the run-off election, Lula would beat Bolsonaro, winning 50.9% of the vote.

Early life

Lula was born in Caetés, Pernambuco to Aristides Inácio da Silva and Eurídice Ferreira de Melo. He was raised Roman Catholic.[12] Lula was raised in São Paulo. His family lived in poverty and his father died of alcoholism.[13]

He did not learn to read until he was ten years old[14] and quit school after the second grade to work and help his family.

He studied at National Service for Industrial Training to become a metalworker. He lost the little finger on his left hand at 19 in an accident, while working as a press operator.[15] It was because of this injury, he became more active in the labor unions and labour rights movement.[15][16]

Union career

Lula joined the labour movement when he worked at Villares Metals S.A.. He was elected in 1975, and reelected in 1978, as president of the Steel Workers' Union of São Bernardo do Campo and Diadema.

In the late 1970s, when Brazil was under military rule, Lula helped organize union activities, including major strikes. He was in jail for a month because under the military rule, his strikes were seen as illegal. Lula was awarded a lifetime pension after the fall of the military regime.[17]

Legislative career

On 10 February 1980, Lula co-founded the Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) or Workers' Party. That same year, he became National President of the Workers' Party and was in this role until 1988. In 1982, he added the nickname Lula to his legal name.[18] In 1983, he helped found the Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT) union association.

In 1987, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. During his time as a deputy, he helped write the country's post-military rule constitution. He also focused on agricultural land reform and for fixing the country's debt. He decided not to run for re-election in 1990. He became Workers' Party President again in 1990 and he left the role in 1994.

Early presidential campaigns

 
 
Lula at the beginning of his first (left) and second term (right)

Lula first ran for President of Brazil in 1989 and lost the election to Fernando Collor de Mello. He ran for president again in 1994 and came in second place again, losing to Fernando Henrique Cardoso. He would lose to Henrique Cardoso again in 1998.

First presidency

 
Lula with Bolivian President Evo Morales and Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez in 2007

In 2002, Lula was elected President of Brazil, beating José Serra in a landslide victory. In 2006, he was re-elected in another landslide victory, beating Geraldo Alckmin.

Lula created a housing aid program to fix housing problems and help people in poverty have homes.[19]

During Lula's first term, child hunger decreased by 46%. In May 2010, the UN World Food Programme (WFP) awarded Lula da Silva the title of "World Champion in the Fight against Hunger".[20] Lula also fixed the country's economy by fixing its debt,[21] and help make the economy strong enough for foreign banks to make investments and profits in Brazil again.[22]

His second term as president, focused on environmental issues and created protection programs on indigenous lands and stopped deforestation in the Amazons.[23] However, his second term was also controversial because of the Mensalão scandal, which said that Lula da Silva's party, the Workers' Party, had bribed Deputies to support and pass pro-Lula legislation.

When he left office, Lula da Silva was extremely popular, with many calling him Brazil's most popular president and the most popular politician in the world.[4]

2018 presidential campaign

 
Lula in 2015
Main page: 2018 Brazilian general election

In 2017, Lula announced he would run as the Workers' Party candidate for president again in the 2018 election.[24] His campaign was controversial and a target of attacks. In Paraná, a campaign bus was shot, and in Rio Grande do Sul, rocks were thrown at a Lula campaign bus.[25] Despite this, he was seen as the front-runner to win the election.[26]

While bribe charges against Lula were being held, the UN Human Rights Committee ruled on 17 August 2018 that it had requested the Brazilian government to allow Lula to be political and run for office.[27] Despite this, Lula was charged and was forced to withdraw his campaign.[28][29]

Bribe charges and release

On July 12, 2017, the former president was convicted at first instance of corruption (more specifically, the crime of passive corruption which in Brazilian criminal law is defined by the receipt of a bribe by a civil servant or government official) and money laundering and sentenced to nine years and six months in prison by judge Sérgio Moro.[30][31] This made him ineligible to run for president in the 2018 election, and he dropped out of the election.

In 2021, his sentence was overturned by the Supreme Court of Brazil and all charges were cleared and seen as politically motivated.[11]

Second presidency

2022 presidential campaign

 
Lula with Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez in 2021
Main pages: 2022 Brazilian general election and Lula da Silva 2022 presidential campaign

In May 2021, Lula said he would run for a third term in the October 2022 general election, against the incumbent President Jair Bolsonaro.[32] He is seen as the front-runner to win the election and beat Bolsonaro. He was 17% ahead of Bolsonaro in a poll in January 2022.[33] In April 2022, Lula announced former São Paulo governor Geraldo Alckmin, who ran against him in the 2006 election, as his running mate.[34]

On 2 October 2022, Lula advanced to the run-off election on 30 October against President Bolsonaro.[35] Lula won 48.43% of the vote against Bolsonaro's 43.20%.[36]

 
Lula after being sworn in on 1 January 2023

Lula was elected in the second round on 30 October, three days after his seventy-seventh birthday. He became the first president of Brazil elected to three terms and the first since Getúlio Vargas to serve in non-consecutive terms. He is also the first candidate to unseat an incumbent president.

Tenure

Lula was sworn in on 1 January 2023.[37][38] At aged 77, he is the oldest person to become president.[39] Lula said that his main goals were to fix the country's economy, democracy and education systems; fight against poverty; and push for more environmental policies.[40]

On 8 January 2023, supporters of Bolsonaro stormed and invaded the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, taking over the offices of the Supreme Federal Court, National Congress of Brazil and the Palácio do Planalto.[41]

Lula took a non-aligned stance on the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[42][43] Lula repeatedly attacked NATO and the European Union as the cause of the war. In April 2023 Lula condemned Russia's violation of Ukraine's territorial integrity and said Russia should withdraw from Ukrainian territory.[44] He also put blame on Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, saying "This guy is as responsible as Putin for the war," during an interview in May 2022.[45] Later in April 2023, he suggested that Ukraine should "give up Crimea" in exchange for peace, saying Zelenskyy "can not want everything".[46][47]

In the first 4 months of 2023, Amazon deforestation rate has seen a significant decrease, being reported 40.4% lower in comparison to the same period of 2022.[48][49] Lula also promised to recognize 14 new indigenous reserves. Six were recognized as of May 2023.[50]

Personal life

Lula was married to Maria de Lurdes Ribeiro from 1969 until her death in 1971. He was later married to Marisa Letícia Lula da Silva from 1974 until her death in 2017. In 2022, he married Rosângela da Silva. Lula has five children.[51]

Health

In 2011, Lula, who was a smoker for 40 years,[52] was diagnosed with throat cancer. He underwent chemotherapy, leading to a successful recovery.[53]

Luiz Inácio Lula Da Silva Media

References

  1. ↑ "Hemispheres" (PDF). Tufts. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Lula leaves office as Brazil's 'most popular' president". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 31 December 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12097490. Retrieved 4 January 2011. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The Most Popular Politician on Earth". Newsweek. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lula's last lap. 8 January 2009. http://www.economist.com/node/12891019. Retrieved 4 January 2011. 
  5. ↑ "Brazil judge blocks Lula appointment to government". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 17 March 2016. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-35835795. Retrieved 17 March 2016. 
  6. ↑ "Justice Gilmar Mendes suspends Lula's nomination as Chief of Staff". Correio Braziliense (in português). Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  7. ↑ "Bolsonaro appoints judge who helped jail Lula to lead justice ministry". the Guardian. 2018-11-01. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
  8. ↑ Sergio Lima, Mario; Adghirni, Samy (5 April 2018). Brazilian Judge Orders Arrest of Former President Lula. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-05/brazil-s-former-president-lula-ordered-arrested-by-judge-moro. Retrieved 6 April 2018. 
  9. ↑ Lopes, Marina (5 April 2018) (in en-US). Lula verdict plunges Brazil into political chaos ahead of presidential election. ISSN 0190-8286 . https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/lula-verdict-plunges-brazil-into-political-chaos-ahead-of-presidential-election/2018/04/05/a215bb1a-386e-11e8-af3c-2123715f78df_story.html. Retrieved 5 April 2018. 
  10. ↑ "Brazil's former president Lula walks free from prison after supreme court ruling". the Guardian. 2019-11-08. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Lula: Brazil's ex-president cleared by Supreme Court" (in en-GB). Reuters. 2021-03-08. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-supreme-court-confirms-decision-annul-lula-convictions-2021-04-15/. Retrieved 2021-04-16. 
  12. ↑ Feltrin, Ricardo (6 April 2005). ""Lula é um católico a seu modo", diz d. Cláudio Hummes". Folha de S.Paulo. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  13. ↑ Bourne, Lula of Brazil Archived 5 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ "Lula: Fourth time lucky?". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 28 October 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2367851.stm. Retrieved 27 April 2007. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva". Encyclopdia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  16. ↑ "The long, strange political career of Brazil's Lula". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  17. ↑ Richard Bourne (19 October 2009). Lula of Brazil: The Story So Far. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520261556.
  18. ↑ Barrionuevo, Alexei (26 August 2012). "Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva". The New York Times. http://topics.nytimes.com/TOP/reference/timestopics/people/d/luiz_inacio_lula_da_silva/. Retrieved 27 January 2018. 
  19. ↑ Et Lula apporta l'eau et la lumière aux favelas, Chantal Rayes, 11 août 2007
  20. ↑ ¿Cuál es el balance social de Lula?, Geisa Maria Rocha, septiembre de 2010
  21. ↑ Parra-Bernal, Guillermo; Pimentel, Lester. "Brazil Became Net Creditor for First Time in January". Bloomberg.com (Bloomberg). https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aPLYQJIG_Re8. Retrieved 6 January 2008. 
  22. ↑ "Lula e o lucro recorde dos bancos" (in português). La Agencia Latinoamericana de Información – ALAI. 16 August 2007. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  23. ↑ Reducing Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, 2003–2012, Princeton University, 2015
  24. ↑ "Após depoimento, Lula retoma caravana por Minas Gerais". Gazeta do Povo. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  25. ↑ "Ônibus da caravana de Lula no Paraná são atingidos por tiros". G1. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  26. ↑ "Lula tem 33%, Bolsonaro, 15%, Marina, 7%, e Ciro, 4%, aponta pesquisa Ibope". G1. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  27. ↑ France-Presse, Agence (2018-08-17). "UN: Brazil's jailed ex-president Lula can't be disqualified from election". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  28. ↑ "Brazil electoral court bars Lula from presidential race". yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  29. ↑ correspondent, Tom Phillips Latin America; Phillips, Dom (11 September 2018). "Jailed leftwing leader Lula drops out of Brazil presidential race". Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018 – via theguardian.com.
  30. ↑ "Lula é condenado a nove anos de prisão". Veja (in português do Brasil). July 12, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
  31. ↑ Brooks, Brad (July 12, 2017). "Brazil's Former President Found Guilty Of Corruption". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
  32. ↑ "Lula reitera candidatura presidencial contra Bolsonaro em 2022". Valor. 20 May 2021. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  33. ↑ Anthony Boadle (18 January 2022). "Brazil poll shows Lula gaining over Bolsonaro, third candidate 'embryonic'". Nasdaq. Reuters. Retrieved 19 January 2022. Brazil's former leftist President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva increased his lead to 17 percentage points over far-right President Jair Bolsonaro in a new survey of voter preferences ahead of an October election.
  34. ↑ "Brazil's Lula taps former rival as his pick for running mate". ABC News. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  35. ↑ "Brazil's Lula and Bolsonaro face run-off after surprisingly tight result". Yahoo. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  36. ↑ "Resultados" (in Portuguese). TSE. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  37. ↑ "Análise das Eleições 2022: Veja Detalhes dos Resultados da Votação". noticias.uol.com.br (in português do Brasil). Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  38. ↑ "Resultados – TSE". resultados.tse.jus.br. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  39. ↑ "Lula Wins Brazil Election for The Third Time". Bloomberglinea. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  40. ↑ "Conheça o programa de governo dos 12 candidatos à Presidência". R7.com (in português do Brasil). 15 August 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  41. ↑ Nicas, Jack; Spigariol, André (8 January 2023). "Bolsonaro Supporters Lay Siege to Brazil's Capital". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/08/world/americas/brazil-election-protests-bolsonaro.html. Retrieved 9 January 2023. 
  42. ↑ "Lula Talks to TIME About Ukraine, Bolsonaro, and Brazil's Fragile Democracy". 4 May 2022. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  43. ↑ "Brazil's Lula Intensifies Diplomatic Push for Peace in Ukraine". 24 February 2023. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  44. ↑ "Brazil's Lula condemns invasion of Ukraine, touts peace initiative". Reuters. 19 April 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/ukraine-invites-brazils-lula-visit-criticizes-his-peace-efforts-2023-04-18/. 
  45. ↑ Biden-Lula meeting: War in Ukraine high on the agenda. 10 February 2023. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/02/10/biden-lula-meeting-war-in-ukraine-high-on-the-agenda_6015191_4.html. Retrieved 8 April 2023. 
  46. ↑ "'The world needs tranquillity': Ukraine urged to give up Crimea by Brazil's Lula". 7 April 2023. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  47. ↑ "Lula diz que Putin não pode ficar com 'terreno' da Ucrânia e critica EUA". Metrópoles (in português do Brasil). 2023-04-06. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  48. ↑ Araujo, Gabriel; Grattan, Steven; Heavens, Louise (10 September 2014). "Deforestation in Brazil's Amazon falls 68% in April, first major drop under Lula". XM. Reuters. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  49. ↑ "Amazon Deforestation Down 40 Percent So Far This Year". Yale Environment 360. Yale School of the Environment. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  50. ↑ Hemingway Jaynes, Cristen (1 May 2023). Lula Recognizes Six New Brazilian Indigenous Reserves. https://www.ecowatch.com/lula-brazil-indigenous-reserves-mining.html. Retrieved 10 May 2023. 
  51. ↑ "Lula se casa com Janja em cerimônia em São Paulo". CNN Brasil. 18 May 2022. https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/lula-se-casa-com-janja-em-cerimonia-em-sao-paulo/. Retrieved 19 May 2022. 
  52. ↑ Carroll, Rory (10 March 2010). "Lula stubs out smoking habit". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2010/mar/10/lula-brazil-president-quits-smoking. Retrieved 29 March 2012. 
  53. ↑ "Brazil ex-President Lula diagnosed with throat cancer". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 29 October 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15507640. Retrieved 21 June 2018. 

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