Mesoamerican ball game
The Mesoamerican ball game is a sport that people in Mesoamerica have played since about 1,400 B.C.E.[1] It was the first team sport in history, as far as historians know.[2]
The Olmecs, who lived from 1,200 B.C.E. to 400 B.C.E., played the Mesoamerican ballgame.[2] They may have created the game.[3] The ancient Mayans played the game; they called it pitz in Classical Maya.[2] Later, the Aztecs played it; in their language, Nahuatl, they called the game ōllamaliztli.[4]
In some parts of Mexico, indigenous people still play a more modern version of the game, called ulama.[5][6] This means that people have played the Mesoamerican ballgame for over 3,400 years – longer than any other sport in history.[6] The Mesoamerican ballgame was also the first sport in history ever to use a rubber ball.[6]
Rules
The game's goal was to shoot a ball through a stone hoop about 35 inches (89 centimetres) wide.[7] The ball, called an ulli, was made out of rubber. It weighed about 9 pounds (4.1 kilograms),[7] about as much as a brick. The court, called a tlachtili, was around 100 to 200 feet (30 to 61 metres) long. It had a wall on each side. The stone hoops hung on these walls.[7]
The court was usually in the shape of an “I,” although the shape was sometimes different. A line ran down the center of the court. From that line, the floor sloped to meet the walls.[7]
The players were only allowed to use their heads, elbows, legs, and hips to hit the ball. The ball was not allowed to touch the ground, so the players often dove to avoid losing points. If one of the teams got the ball through the stone hoop, the game was over and that team won. However, this was very hard to do, since the stone hoops could be as high as 20 feet (6.1 metres) off the ground.[8] Since getting the ball through the hoop was uncommon, a team could also score points by hitting one of six markers alongside the edges of the court.[9]
Gambling
Gambling played a large part in the culture surrounding the ballgame. People could bet nearly anything on which team would win the game. Some ancient people bet things like beautiful feathers. Others bet children or even their own lives. The losers sometimes sold themselves into slavery just so they could pay off their debt.[7]
Sometimes, city-states would play the game instead of going to war with each other. The city-state whose team won the game would rule over the losing city-state.[4] Winning or losing a game could turn into an excuse to start an attack or try an assassination.[10]p. 97
Religious importance
The Mesoamerican ballgame also held a very important religious meaning. In Aztec culture, for example, the game was meant to represent the combat that happened every day on the "ball court" in the underworld, where the sun fought with the night to get across.[10]p. 173
The game's religious meaning was linked to the Mayan and Aztec practices of human sacrifice. Sometimes, the Mayans would make prisoners of war play the game, and would sacrifice them if they lost.[11] However, Mayan art suggests that Mayan ballplayers, maybe team captains, were sacrificed too.
The Aztecs also sacrificed losing teams (or, according to some historians, winning teams) after some games.[12] The ancient Aztecs believed that without human sacrifice, the sun would stop and the earth would be plunged into darkness. Sometimes, ancient Aztecs would decorate the ball court with the skulls of people who had been sacrificed. The ball itself was a symbol of a sacrificed person's head. Sometimes, the actual head or skull of a sacrificed person was used as a ball in the game.[11]
Modern version
In modern times, the Aztec ballgame changed into ulama. People still play this game in a few communities in the Mexican state of Sinaloa.[5]
Ulama uses temporary courts, made by drawing thick lines in the dirt. There are three different ways to play ulama. In the different versions of the game, players may use their hips, forearms, or paddles to hit the ball.[6]
Mesoamerican Ball Game Media
The ball in front of the goal during a game of pok-ta-pok, 2006
A map showing sites where early ballcourts, balls, or figurines have been recovered
A view into the ballcourt at Chichen Itza
Some ballcourts had upper goals, scoring on which would end the match instantly.
National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City – a figure of a pelota player
A solid rubber ball used or similar to those used in the Mesoamerican ballgame, from Kaminaljuyu, 300 BC to 250 AD, with a manopla, or handstone, used to strike the ball.
Cross sections of some of the more typical ballcourts
One of a series of murals from the South Ballcourt at El Tajín, showing the sacrifice of a ballplayer
In this detail from the late 15th century Codex Borgia, the Aztec god Xiuhtecuhtli brings a rubber ball offering to a temple. The balls each hold a quetzal feather, part of the offering.
References
- ↑ Hill, Warren D.; Blake, Michael; Clark, John E. (April 1998). "Ball court design dates back 3,400 years". Nature. 392 (6679): 878–879. doi:10.1038/31837. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4394291.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Owen, Michael (2011). The Maya Book of Life: Understanding the Xultun Tarot. Kahurangi Press. pp. 284–285. ISBN 978-0473119898.
- ↑ Miller, Mary Ellen; & Taube, Karl A. (1993). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. Thames & Hudson. p. 42. ISBN 978-0500050682.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 The Mesoamerican ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Mesoamerican ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Kte’pi, Bill (April 2, 2009). "Spanish America". In Rodney P. Carlisle (ed.). Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society. Vol. 2. SAGE Publications. pp. 672–673. ISBN 978-1452266107.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Cóttrill, Jaime C. (2009). "Aztec Ball Game". Aztec-History.com.
- ↑ Smith, Michael E. (2002). The Aztecs (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishers. p. 232. ISBN 978-0631230168.
- ↑ War and games. San Marino, R.S.M.: Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress. 2002. ISBN 0-85115-870-6. OCLC 50270560.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 The Mesoamerican ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Schele, Linda; Miller, Mary; Miller, Mary Ellen; Museum, Kimbell Art (1986). The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art. Kimbell Art Museum. ISBN 978-0-8076-1159-3.
- ↑ The Mesoamerican ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562.