List of Egyptian deities
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This is a list of Egyptian Gods and goddesses from Egyptian mythology. The old Egyptians worshipped a few gods at different times and in different places.[1] Some gods changed in importance over time or were nonexistent until later eras.
Major deities
Male
- Ȧakhu - God of the fifth Ảat[2]
- Ảakhu - A ram headed god[2]
- Ảakhu-ḥetch-t - A god of the dead[3]
- Ảakhu-ra - A singing god of dawn[3]
- Ảakhu-sa-ta-f - A warrior god[3]
- Ảakhui - A god with two lotus scepters[2]
- Ȧmi-beq - A god of the dead[4]
- Ảmi-haf - A god who has a harpoon[5]
- Ami-Ḥe-t-Serqet-Ka-hetep-t - A god[5]
- Ảmi-kar - A singing ape god[6]
- Ảmi-keḥau - A god[6]
- Ảmi-naut-f - A serpent god[4]
- Ảmi-nehţ-f - A god[5]
- Ảmi-neter - A singing god[5]
- Ảmi-Nu - A sky god[5]
- Ȧmi-Pe - A lion god[4]
- Ảmi-reţ - A god[5]
- Ảmi-seḥseḩ - A god[6]
- Ảmi-sekhet-f - A god of his domain[6]
- Ảmi-sepa-f - A god[6]
- Ảmi-suḥt-f - A god of the ninth Ảat[6]
- Ảmi-ta - A serpent god[6]
- Ảmi-ut - God of the ninth day of the month[4]
- Ảnmut-făbesh - A star god[7]
- Antywy - A god of the tenth nome of Upper Egypt[8]
- Ảri - The creative god[9]
- Ảri-em-ăua - God of the sixth hour of night[9]
- Ảri-en-ȧb-f - A blue eyed god[9]
- Ảri-ḥetch-f - A light god[9]
- Ảri-ren-f-tehesef - God of the tenth day of the month[9]
- Ảri-tchet-f - A god of the ninth day of the month[9]
- Ảrit-Ảmen - A god[9]
- Athpi - A god of dawn[10]
- Ati - A god[10]
- Ba-ảakhu-hā-f - A ram headed god[11]
- Ba-em-uār-ur - A god[11]
- Ba-pefi - A ram headed god of the eighth hour[11]
- Ba-ta - An ape god[11]
- Ba-tau - A god worshipped at Cynopolis[11]
- Ba-utcha-hāu-f - A ram headed god[11]
- Ḥeb - A god[12]
- Ḥun-sāḥu - A god[13]
- Ḥutchai - The god of the west wind[12]
- Khenti-en-Sa-t - A star god[14]
- Khenti-heh-f - A knife eyed god who guarded the tomb of Osiris[14]
- Khenti-ḥenthau - A god[14]
- Khenti-Ḥet Ȧnes - A god[14]
- Khenti-kha-t-ảnes - A knife eyed god who guarded Osiris[14]
- Khenti-Khas - A god who protected noses of the dead[14]
- Maa-ảb-khenti-ảḥ-t-f - A god[15]
- Maa-ảtht-f - A god of the fourteenth Ảat[15]
- Maa-en-Rā - An ape doorkeeper god[15]
- Maa-f-ur - A god[15]
- Maa-ḥa-f - A ferry god[15]
- Maa-mer-f - God of the twenty sixth day of the month[15]
- Men-t - A god[16]
- Meni - A god[16]
- Menu - A god of the fifth month[16]
- Menu-nesu-Ḩeru - A warrior bull god[16]
- Menu-qeṭ - God of the first Ảat[16]
- Meţ-en-Ảsảr - A serpent god[17]
- Meţ-ḥer - A god of the dead[17]
- Meṭes - A god[17]
- Meţes - A doorkeeper god[17]
- Meţes-ảb - An ibis headed god[17]
- Meṭes-neshen - A god[17]
- Meţi - A hawk headed god[17]
- Meţni - A hippopotamus god of evil[17]
- Meţu-ta-f - A god[17]
- Neb - A goose god[18]
- Neb ảa - A singing god of dawn[18]
- Neb ảmakh - A god who towed the boat of Ảf[18]
- Neb ankh - A singing god of dawn[19]
- Neb āq-t - A jackal god[20]
- Neb Kheper-Khenti-Ṭuat - A Maāt god[21]
- Neb Khert-ta - A star god[21]
- Neb pāt - A god[20]
- Neb seb-t - A god[21]
- Neb Uast - A god of the boat of Pakhit[20]
- Neb-Un - A god[20]
- Neb user - A ram headed god[20]
- Neb utchat-ti - A serpent god with human legs[20]
- Nebti - A god[18]
- Nekenher - A frightening god[22]
- Neter - A serpent god[16]
- Neterti - A god in Ṭuat[16]
- Neter bah - A god[16]
- Neter neferu - A god[23]
- Neter-hāu - Nile god[23]
- Neter-ka-qetqet - A god who guarded Osiris[23]
- Neter-kha - God of one thousand years[23]
- Netrit-ta-meh - An axe god[23]
- Netrit-Then - An axe god[23]
- Serq - A serpent god[24]
- Unnti - The god of existence[25]
- Untả - A light god[25]
- Up - An ape god[26]
- Up-hai - God of the dead[26]
- Up-shāt-taui - A god[26]
- Up-uatu - A singing god[26]
- Upi-sekhemti - A jackal headed singing god[26]
- Upt-heka - Enchantment god[26]
- Upȧst - A light god[26]
- Upu - God of the serpent Shemti[26]
- Ur - A god[27]
- Ur-ȧres (Urȧrset) - A god of a boat[28]
- Ur-at - A god of Kher-Āḥa[27]
- Ur-heka - A god of Denderah[28]
- Ur-henhenu - A water god[28]
- Ur-henu - A water god[28]
- Ur-khert - A jackal god in the second Ảat[28]
- Ur-maati-f - A god[28]
- Ur-metuu-ḩer-ȧat-f - A god[28]
- Ur-peḥti - A doorkeeper god[28]
- Ur-peḩui-f - A god[28]
- Urrtȧ - A god[27]
Female
- Ảmi-khent-āat - A goddess of Edfû[5]
- Ảmi-pet-seshem-neterit - One of the 12 Thoueris goddesses[4]
- Ảmi-urt - A cow goddess[4]
- Ảmi-utchat-sảakhu-Ảtemt - One of the 12 Thoueris goddesses[4]
- Ảmit-Qeţem - A goddess who assisted resurrecting Osiris[6]
- Ảmit-she-t-urt - A goddess[6]
- Āpertra - A singing goddess[29]
- Ảrit-ȧakhu - A star goddess[9]
- Ảriti - A goddess[9]
- Ba-khati - A goddess[11]
- Baiut-s-ảmiu-heh - A goddess[11]
- Ḥebit - An air goddess[12]
- Hetemit - Goddess of destruction
- Ḥunit - Goddess of the twenty first day of the month[13]
- Ḥunit Pe - A tutelary goddess of Buto[13]
- Ḥunit urit - A tutelary goddess of Heliopolis[13]
- Ḥuntheth - A lioness goddess[13]
- Ḥurit urit - A goddess[13]
- Maa-ā - A singing god[15]
- Maa-neter-s - A singing goddess[15]
- Neb Ȧa-t (Nebt Ȧa-t) - A goddess[18]
- Neb Ȧa-t-Then (Nebt Ȧa-t-Then) - A goddess[18]
- Neb āāu (Nebt āāu) - A goddess
- Neb-ābui (Nebt-ābui) - A goddess
- Neb ȧkeb (Nebt ȧkeb) - A goddess[19]
- Neb Ȧnit (Nebt Ȧnit) - A goddess[19]
- Neb ảri-t-qerr-t (Nebt ȧri-t-qerr-t) - A goddess[19]
- Neb ảrit-tcheṭflu - Goddess who created reptiles[19]
- Neb ảs-ḥatt - A goddess[19]
- Neb ȧs-ur (Nebt ȧs-ur) - A goddess[19]
- Neb Ȧter (Nebt Ȧter-Meḥ) - A goddess[19]
- Neb ȧter-Shemā (Nebt ȧter-Shemā) - A goddess[19]
- Neb ảur (Nebt ảur) - A goddess of the river[18]
- Neb Aut (Neb-t Aut) - A goddess[18]
- Neb Bȧa-t (Nebt Bȧa-t) - A goddess [20]
- Neb ḥekau (Nebt ḥekau) - The goddess of spells[21]
- Neb ḥetep (Nebt ḥetep) - A crocodile goddess[21]
- Neb Khasa (Nebt Khasa) - A goddess[21]
- Neb Khebit (Nebt Khebit) - The goddess of Chemmis[21]
- Neb peḥti (Nebt peḥti) - A goddess[20]
- Neb Per-res (Nebt Per-res) - A goddess[20]
- Neb petti (Nebt petti) - A goddess[20]
- Neb Sa (Nebt Sa) - A goddess[21]
- Neb Sam (Nebt Sam) - A goddess[21]
- Neb sau-ta (Nebt sau-ta) - A goddess[21]
- Neb sebu (Nebt sebu) - A goddess[21]
- Neb Septi (Nebt Septi) - A goddess[21]
- Neb-t ȧakhu - A serpent goddess of dawn[18]
- Neb-t ȧnemit - A goddess of offerings[18]
- Neb-t ānkh - One of twelve goddesses who opened the gates of Ṭuat to Ảf[19]
- Neb-t ānkhiu - A goddess with two serpents[19]
- Neb-t Ảţu - A goddess[19]
- Neb-t au-t-ȧb - A cow goddess[18]
- Neb-t Kheper - A serpent goddess[21]
- Neb-t usha - Goddess of the eighth division of the Ṭuat[20]
- Neb Un (Nebt Un) - A goddess[20]
- Nebt Ānnu - A goddess[19]
- Neterit-nekhenit-Rā - A singing goddess in Ṭuat[23]
- Un-baiusit (Unt-baiusit) - A goddess[25]
- Unnit - A goddess[25]
- Unnuit - A goddess[25]
- Upit - A serpent goddess[26]
- Ur-ā - A goddess[28]
- Urit - A goddess[27]
- Urit-ȧmi-t-Ṭuat - A goddess of escorting Ra[27]
- Urit-em-sekhemu-s - Goddess of the fourth hour[28]
- Urit-en-kru - A lioness headed hippopatomus goddess[28]
- Urit-hekau - A spell casting goddess[28]
- Urit-ḥekau - Goddess of Upper Egypt[27]
- Urti-ḥethati - Goddess of Ánu[28]
Both male and female forms
- Heh – Personification of infinity and a member of the Ogdoad[30]
- Kek – The god of Chaos and Darkness, as well as being the concept of primordial darkness. Kek's female form is known as Kauket.
- Nu – Personification of the formless, watery disorder from which the world emerged at creation and a member of the Ogdoad[31]
- Ra (Re) – The foremost Egyptian sun god, involved in creation and the afterlife. Mythological ruler of the gods, father of every Egyptian king, and the patron god of Heliopolis.[32]
- Tatenen – Personification of the first mound of earth to emerge from chaos in ancient Egyptian creation myths[33]
- Anubis/Anput – The god/goddess of embalming and protector of the dead[34]
Minor deities
Male or female
- Medjed - A minor god from the Book of the Dead. "[35]
- Neb au-t-ȧb - A god or goddess in the Ṭuat[18] (needs additional citation for verification)
- Netrit fent - An axe god or goddess[16] (needs additional citation for verification)
Objects
Lesser-known deities
Groups of deities
- The Aai – 3 guardian deities in the ninth division of Tuat; they are Ab-ta, Anhefta, and Ermen-ta[36]
- The Cavern deities – Many underworld deities charged with punishing the damned souls by beheading and devouring them.[37]
- The Ennead – An extended family of nine deities produced by Atum during the creation of the world. The Ennead usually consisted of Atum, his children Shu and Tefnut, their children Geb and Nut, and their children Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys.[38]
- The four sons of Horus – Four gods who protected the mummified body, particularly the internal organs in canopic jars.[39]
- The Gate deities – Many dangerous guardian deities at the gates of the underworld (flanked by divine Doorkeepers and Heralds), to be ingratiated by spells and knowing their names.[40]
- The Hemsut (or Hemuset) – Protective goddesses of Fate, destiny, and of the creation sprung from the primordial abyss; daughters of Ptah, linked to the concept of ka[41][42]
- The Her-Hequi – 4 deities in the fifth division of Tuat[36]
- The Hours of the day deities – 12 divine embodiments of each hour of the day: partly major deities (1st: Maat, 7th: Horus) and partly lesser known ones (12th: "The One Who Gives Protection In The Twilight").[43]
- The Hours of the night deities – 12 goddesses of each hour of the night, wearing a five-pointed star on their heads.[43]
- The 42 judges of Maat – 42 deities including Osiris who judged the souls of the dead in the afterlife
- The Khnemiu – 4 deities wearing red crowns in the eleventh division of Tuat[36]
- The Ogdoad – A set of eight gods who personified the chaos that existed before creation. The Ogdoad commonly consisted of Amun, Amunet, Nu, Naunet, Heh, Hauhet, Kuk, and Kauket.[44]
- The Renniu – 4 bearded gods in the eleventh division of Tuat[36]
- The Setheniu-Tep – 4 deities wearing white crowns in the eleventh division of Tuat[36]
- The Souls of Pe and Nekhen – A set of gods personifying the predynastic rulers of Upper and Lower Egypt.[45]
- The 12 Thoueris goddesses[4]
List Of Egyptian Deities Media
The gods Osiris, Anubis, and Horus in the Tomb of Horemheb (KV57) in the Valley of the Kings.
References
- ↑ Hill, J. (2010). "The Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt". ancientegyptonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ Lorton, Claude Traunecker. transl. from the French by David (2001). The gods of Egypt (1st English-language, enhanced and expanded. ed.). Ithaca, N.Y [u.a.]: Cornell University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-8014-3834-9.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Cite error: Invalid
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tag; no text was provided for refs namedSir199
. - ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 474. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 472. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 556. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 359. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 363. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ Lorton, Claude Traunecker. transl. from the French by David (2001). The gods of Egypt (1st English-language, enhanced and expanded. ed.). Ithaca, N.Y [u.a.]: Cornell University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-8014-3834-9.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 404. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 612. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 28.10 28.11 28.12 28.13 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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. - ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 109–110
- ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 133–135
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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. - ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 25–28
- ↑ Taylor, John (22 September 2010). "What is a Book of the Dead?". British Museum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 Cite error: Invalid
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. - ↑ Wilkinson 2003, p. 80
- ↑ Hart 2005, p. 53
- ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 149–161
- ↑ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 81–82
- ↑ "Gods of Ancient Egypt: Hemsut". www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
- ↑ "Hemsut". www.reshafim.org.il. Archived from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Wilkinson 2003, p. 83
- ↑ Hart 2005, p. 113
- ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 152–153