Antiziganism

Antiziganism^[a] refers to the bias, prejudice or discrimination against the Roma.^[b]

Overview

Antiziganism has been widespread in Europe since the Middle Ages.^[2] The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) adopted an official definition for antiziganism on October 8, 2020:^[1]

	Working definition of antigypsyism/anti-Roma discrimination^[c]
	Distorting or denying persecution of Roma or the genocide of the Roma. Glorifying the genocide of the Roma. Inciting, justifying, and perpetrating violence against Roma communities, their property, and individual Roma. Forced and coercive sterilizations as well as other physically and psychologically abusive treatment of Roma. Perpetuating and affirming discriminatory stereotypes of and against Roma. Blaming Roma, using hate speech, for real or perceived social, political, cultural, economic and public health problems. Stereotyping Roma as persons who engage in criminal behavior. Using the term “Gypsy” as a slur. Approving or encouraging exclusionary mechanisms directed against Roma on the basis of racially discriminatory assumptions, such as the exclusion from regular schools and institutional procedures or policies that lead to the segregation of Roma communities. Enacting policies without legal basis or establishing the conditions that allow for the arbitrary or discriminatory displacement of Roma communities and individuals. Holding Roma collectively responsible for the real or perceived actions of individual members of Roma communities. Spreading hate speech against Roma communities in whatever form, for example in media, including on the internet and on social networks.

Persecution

For centuries, the Roma have been victims of persecution and systemic discrimination in many countries.^[3]^[4] They were subject to repeated mass murders as well.^[3]^[4]

Modern period

Between the 1500s and the 1700s, Romani men could be hanged without a trial in many countries.^[3] Muslim Roma reportedly face double discrimination – antiziganism and alleged Islamophobia.^[5]^{[better source needed]} Smears against the Roma are common, especially in European countries.^[3]^[4] Unfortunately, the Roma are blamed just as the Jewish people^[6] for social problems and wrongdoings of others.^[3]^[4]

Genocide

Nazi Germany

In World War II, while the Holocaust was happening, the Roma were also genocided by Nazi Germany, his allied countries and their local collaborators in Axis-occupied territories.^[7] Historians estimated that between 250,000 and 500,000 Roma had been killed.^[8]^[9] Some historians give a higher death toll estimate, ranging from 800,000 to 1,500,000.^[10]

Antiziganism Media

Anti-Romani protest in České Budějovice, Czech Republic, 29 June 2013
A French poster depicting a child being kidnapped by nomads
German Nazi deportation of Sinti and Roma from Asperg, 1940
Eva Justin checking the facial characteristics of a Romani woman as part of her "racial studies"
Anti-Roma protest in Sofia, Bulgaria, 2011
Anti-Roma graffiti in Sofia.
Polandball comic on the news that a group of Romani people were chased from their camps in Marseille
Roma slum Luník IX near Košice, Slovakia

Related pages

Footnotes

↑ Also known as antigypsyism or anti-Roma racism.^[1]
↑ Also known as the Romani people.^[1]
↑ The word anti-Roma racism is also recommended for use.^[1]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3
- Working definition of antigypsyism/anti-Roma discrimination. International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- About antiziganism. Kommissionen mot Antiziganism. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Antiziganism: What's in a Word? (March 18, 2015)Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-7226-3. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
↑
- Kalaydjieva, Luba. Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): a review. BMC Medical Genetics 2 (5) (April 2, 2001). doi:10.1186/1471-2350-2-5.
- Marushiakova, Elena. The Roma – a Nation Without a State? Historical Background and Contemporary Tendencies. Bernhard Streck (Hg.): Segmentation und Komplementarität (2004). Retrieved December 12, 2024.
- Moorjani, Priya. Reconstructing Roma History from Genome-Wide Data. PLOS ONE 8 (3) (March 13, 2013). Oxford, United Kingdom. p. e58633. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058633.
- Segarra, Marta. The World in Movement (2019). Leiden, The Netherlands. p. 75–87. doi:10.1163/9789004385405_004. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
- Ena, Giacomo Francesco. Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review. Genes 13 (11) (November 8, 2022). p. 2068. doi:10.3390/genes13112068.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4
- Vrabiescu, I.C.. The Subtlety of Racism: From Antiziganism to Romaphobia (2014). Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Rovid, Marton. From tackling antigypsyism to remedying racial injustice. Ethnic and Racial Studies 45 (9) (September 13, 2021). p. 1738–1759. doi:10.1080/01419870.2021.1972126. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Ryder, Andrew. The Roma and the double-movement of Social Europe. Journal of European Integration 46 (3) (January 3, 2024). p. 387–404. doi:10.1080/07036337.2023.2298850. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Mare Manuschenge. Sinti and Roma: A century between persecution, resistance and self-empowerment. Brandeis University (August 20, 2024). Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Antigypsyism - European Network Against Racism. European Network Against Racism. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3
- Brearley, Margaret. The Persecution of Gypsies in Europe. American Behavioral Scientist 45 (4) (2001). p. 588–599. doi:10.1177/00027640121957367. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Stauber, Roni. The Roma - A Minority in Europe: Historical, Political and Social Perspectives (2007)Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-7326-86-8. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Ram, Melanie H.. Anti-discrimination policy and the Roma: Assessing the impact of EU enlargement. Croatian Yearbook of European Law & Policy 3 (3) (2007). doi:10.3935/cyelp.03.2007.44. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- End, Markus. History of antigypsyism in Europe: The social causes. New Faces of Antigypsyism in Modern Europe (2012). Berlin, Germany. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Urh, Špela. Race, Racism and Social Work (December 30, 2013). p. 115–130. ISBN 978-1-4473-0709-9. doi:10.51952/9781447307099.ch006. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
↑ Muslimische Roma: Doppelte Diskriminierung?.
↑
- Bernát, Anikó. The roots of radicalism and anti-Roma attitudes on the far right. Academic.edu (2013). Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Cârstocea, Raul. Anti-semitism in Romania: Historical Legacies, Contemporary Challenges (2014). Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI). Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Loveland, Matthew T.. The Gypsy Threat Narrative: Explaining Anti-Roma Attitudes in the European Union. Humanity & Society 40 (3) (September 4, 2015). doi:10.1177/0160597615601715. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Kende, Anna. Anti-Roma attitudes as expressions of dominant social norms in Eastern Europe. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 60 (2017). p. 12–27. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.06.002. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
- Fejzula, Sebijan. The Anti-Roma Europe: Modern ways of disciplining the Roma body in urban spaces. Rev. Direito e Práx. 10 (3) (2019). Coimbra, Portugal: Universidade de Coimbra. p. 2097–2116. doi:10.1590/2179-8966/2019/43882. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
↑
- Reinhartz, Dennis. Unmarked graves: The destruction of the Yugoslav Roma in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941–1945. Journal of Genocide Research 1 (1) (1999). p. 81–89. doi:10.1080/14623529908413936.
- Tyaglyy, Mikhail. Were the "Chingené" Victims of the Holocaust? Nazi Policy toward the Crimean Roma, 1941–1944. Holocaust and Genocide Studies 23 (1) (March 1, 2009). p. 26–53. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcp015. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Kapralski, Sławomir. Traitors, Collaborators and Deserters in Contemporary European Politics of Memory. Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies (December 3, 2017). p. 215–240. ISBN 978-3-319-66495-8. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66496-5_9. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Kotljarchuk, Andrej. Babi Yar and the Nazi Genocide of Roma: Memory Narratives and Memory Practices in Ukraine. Nationalities Paper 50 (3) (April 30, 2021)Cambridge University Press. p. 450–470. doi:10.1017/nps.2021.4. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- "European Commission commemorates Roma Holocaust Memorial Day on 2 August". The Brussels Times. August 1, 2024. https://www.brusselstimes.com/1165961/european-commission-commemorates-roma-holocaust-memorial-day-on-2-august. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
↑
- Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Weiss-Wendt, Anton. The Nazi Genocide of the Roma: Reassessment and Commemoration 17 (2013)Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-842-1. doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qcvtb. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Kelso, Michelle. Holocaust Education (2016)Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315647173-11. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Huttenbach, Henry R.. The Gypsies of Eastern Europe (1991)Routledge. ISBN 9781315490250. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Baumgartner, Gerhard. The Road Towards Genocide - The Process of Exclusion and Persecution of Roma and Sinti in the 1930s and 1940s. S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation. (1) (2014)Wiener Wiesenthal Institut für Holocaust-Studien. p. 5–18. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
↑
- Huttenbach, Henry R.. The Romani Pořajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Europe's Gypsies. Nationalities Papers 19 (3: Special issue - the Gypsies in Eastern Europe) (November 20, 2018)Cambridge University Press. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Waluszko, Monika Weychert. The Roma Genocide. The Roma Pariahs before, during, and after the Second World War. Narracje o Zagładzie (6) (2020)Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 140–164. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Statement by President von der Leyen, Vice-President Jourová and Commissioner Dalli on European Roma Holocaust Memorial Day. European Union (EU) (August 1, 2024). Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. 80th anniversary of the Genocide of the Roma commemoration event in Newcastle. UK Government (August 15, 2024). Retrieved December 7, 2024.
- Aretakis, Catharine. Beyond Nazism: the impact of native persecution dynamics on the genocide of the Roma and Sinti. Holocaust Studies: A Journal of Culture and History (September 12, 2024). p. 1–24. doi:10.1080/17504902.2024.2392347. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
↑ The Historiography of the Holocaust (2005). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 383–396. ISBN 978-1-4039-9927-6.

[2] Also known as antigypsyism or anti-Roma racism.^[1]

[3] Also known as the Romani people.^[1]

[5] The word anti-Roma racism is also recommended for use.^[1]

[Definition-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3
Working definition of antigypsyism/anti-Roma discrimination. International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). Retrieved December 11, 2024.

About antiziganism. Kommissionen mot Antiziganism. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

Antiziganism: What's in a Word? (March 18, 2015)Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-7226-3. Retrieved June 1, 2021.

[5] Working definition of antigypsyism/anti-Roma discrimination. International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). Retrieved December 11, 2024.

[6] About antiziganism. Kommissionen mot Antiziganism. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

[7] Antiziganism: What's in a Word? (March 18, 2015)Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-7226-3. Retrieved June 1, 2021.

[4] 
Kalaydjieva, Luba. Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): a review. BMC Medical Genetics 2 (5) (April 2, 2001). doi:10.1186/1471-2350-2-5.

Marushiakova, Elena. The Roma – a Nation Without a State? Historical Background and Contemporary Tendencies. Bernhard Streck (Hg.): Segmentation und Komplementarität (2004). Retrieved December 12, 2024.

Moorjani, Priya. Reconstructing Roma History from Genome-Wide Data. PLOS ONE 8 (3) (March 13, 2013). Oxford, United Kingdom. p. e58633. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058633.

Segarra, Marta. The World in Movement (2019). Leiden, The Netherlands. p. 75–87. doi:10.1163/9789004385405_004. Retrieved December 12, 2024.

Ena, Giacomo Francesco. Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review. Genes 13 (11) (November 8, 2022). p. 2068. doi:10.3390/genes13112068.

[9] Kalaydjieva, Luba. Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): a review. BMC Medical Genetics 2 (5) (April 2, 2001). doi:10.1186/1471-2350-2-5.

[10] Marushiakova, Elena. The Roma – a Nation Without a State? Historical Background and Contemporary Tendencies. Bernhard Streck (Hg.): Segmentation und Komplementarität (2004). Retrieved December 12, 2024.

[11] Moorjani, Priya. Reconstructing Roma History from Genome-Wide Data. PLOS ONE 8 (3) (March 13, 2013). Oxford, United Kingdom. p. e58633. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058633.

[12] Segarra, Marta. The World in Movement (2019). Leiden, The Netherlands. p. 75–87. doi:10.1163/9789004385405_004. Retrieved December 12, 2024.

[13] Ena, Giacomo Francesco. Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review. Genes 13 (11) (November 8, 2022). p. 2068. doi:10.3390/genes13112068.

[Analyses1-6] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4
Vrabiescu, I.C.. The Subtlety of Racism: From Antiziganism to Romaphobia (2014). Retrieved December 8, 2024.

Rovid, Marton. From tackling antigypsyism to remedying racial injustice. Ethnic and Racial Studies 45 (9) (September 13, 2021). p. 1738–1759. doi:10.1080/01419870.2021.1972126. Retrieved December 8, 2024.

Ryder, Andrew. The Roma and the double-movement of Social Europe. Journal of European Integration 46 (3) (January 3, 2024). p. 387–404. doi:10.1080/07036337.2023.2298850. Retrieved December 8, 2024.

Mare Manuschenge. Sinti and Roma: A century between persecution, resistance and self-empowerment. Brandeis University (August 20, 2024). Retrieved December 8, 2024.

Antigypsyism - European Network Against Racism. European Network Against Racism. Retrieved December 8, 2024.

[15] Vrabiescu, I.C.. The Subtlety of Racism: From Antiziganism to Romaphobia (2014). Retrieved December 8, 2024.

[16] Rovid, Marton. From tackling antigypsyism to remedying racial injustice. Ethnic and Racial Studies 45 (9) (September 13, 2021). p. 1738–1759. doi:10.1080/01419870.2021.1972126. Retrieved December 8, 2024.

[17] Ryder, Andrew. The Roma and the double-movement of Social Europe. Journal of European Integration 46 (3) (January 3, 2024). p. 387–404. doi:10.1080/07036337.2023.2298850. Retrieved December 8, 2024.

[18] Mare Manuschenge. Sinti and Roma: A century between persecution, resistance and self-empowerment. Brandeis University (August 20, 2024). Retrieved December 8, 2024.

[19] Antigypsyism - European Network Against Racism. European Network Against Racism. Retrieved December 8, 2024.

[Analyses2-7] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3
Brearley, Margaret. The Persecution of Gypsies in Europe. American Behavioral Scientist 45 (4) (2001). p. 588–599. doi:10.1177/00027640121957367. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

Stauber, Roni. The Roma - A Minority in Europe: Historical, Political and Social Perspectives (2007)Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-7326-86-8. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

Ram, Melanie H.. Anti-discrimination policy and the Roma: Assessing the impact of EU enlargement. Croatian Yearbook of European Law & Policy 3 (3) (2007). doi:10.3935/cyelp.03.2007.44. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

End, Markus. History of antigypsyism in Europe: The social causes. New Faces of Antigypsyism in Modern Europe (2012). Berlin, Germany. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

Urh, Špela. Race, Racism and Social Work (December 30, 2013). p. 115–130. ISBN 978-1-4473-0709-9. doi:10.51952/9781447307099.ch006. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

[21] Brearley, Margaret. The Persecution of Gypsies in Europe. American Behavioral Scientist 45 (4) (2001). p. 588–599. doi:10.1177/00027640121957367. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

[22] Stauber, Roni. The Roma - A Minority in Europe: Historical, Political and Social Perspectives (2007)Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-7326-86-8. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

[23] Ram, Melanie H.. Anti-discrimination policy and the Roma: Assessing the impact of EU enlargement. Croatian Yearbook of European Law & Policy 3 (3) (2007). doi:10.3935/cyelp.03.2007.44. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

[24] End, Markus. History of antigypsyism in Europe: The social causes. New Faces of Antigypsyism in Modern Europe (2012). Berlin, Germany. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

[25] Urh, Špela. Race, Racism and Social Work (December 30, 2013). p. 115–130. ISBN 978-1-4473-0709-9. doi:10.51952/9781447307099.ch006. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

[8] Muslimische Roma: Doppelte Diskriminierung?.

[9] 
Bernát, Anikó. The roots of radicalism and anti-Roma attitudes on the far right. Academic.edu (2013). Retrieved December 8, 2024.

Cârstocea, Raul. Anti-semitism in Romania: Historical Legacies, Contemporary Challenges (2014). Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI). Retrieved December 8, 2024.

Loveland, Matthew T.. The Gypsy Threat Narrative: Explaining Anti-Roma Attitudes in the European Union. Humanity & Society 40 (3) (September 4, 2015). doi:10.1177/0160597615601715. Retrieved December 8, 2024.

Kende, Anna. Anti-Roma attitudes as expressions of dominant social norms in Eastern Europe. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 60 (2017). p. 12–27. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.06.002. Retrieved December 8, 2024.

Fejzula, Sebijan. The Anti-Roma Europe: Modern ways of disciplining the Roma body in urban spaces. Rev. Direito e Práx. 10 (3) (2019). Coimbra, Portugal: Universidade de Coimbra. p. 2097–2116. doi:10.1590/2179-8966/2019/43882. Retrieved December 8, 2024.

[28] Bernát, Anikó. The roots of radicalism and anti-Roma attitudes on the far right. Academic.edu (2013). Retrieved December 8, 2024.

[29] Cârstocea, Raul. Anti-semitism in Romania: Historical Legacies, Contemporary Challenges (2014). Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI). Retrieved December 8, 2024.

[30] Loveland, Matthew T.. The Gypsy Threat Narrative: Explaining Anti-Roma Attitudes in the European Union. Humanity & Society 40 (3) (September 4, 2015). doi:10.1177/0160597615601715. Retrieved December 8, 2024.

[31] Kende, Anna. Anti-Roma attitudes as expressions of dominant social norms in Eastern Europe. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 60 (2017). p. 12–27. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.06.002. Retrieved December 8, 2024.

[32] Fejzula, Sebijan. The Anti-Roma Europe: Modern ways of disciplining the Roma body in urban spaces. Rev. Direito e Práx. 10 (3) (2019). Coimbra, Portugal: Universidade de Coimbra. p. 2097–2116. doi:10.1590/2179-8966/2019/43882. Retrieved December 8, 2024.

[10] 
Reinhartz, Dennis. Unmarked graves: The destruction of the Yugoslav Roma in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941–1945. Journal of Genocide Research 1 (1) (1999). p. 81–89. doi:10.1080/14623529908413936.

Tyaglyy, Mikhail. Were the "Chingené" Victims of the Holocaust? Nazi Policy toward the Crimean Roma, 1941–1944. Holocaust and Genocide Studies 23 (1) (March 1, 2009). p. 26–53. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcp015. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

Kapralski, Sławomir. Traitors, Collaborators and Deserters in Contemporary European Politics of Memory. Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies (December 3, 2017). p. 215–240. ISBN 978-3-319-66495-8. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66496-5_9. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

Kotljarchuk, Andrej. Babi Yar and the Nazi Genocide of Roma: Memory Narratives and Memory Practices in Ukraine. Nationalities Paper 50 (3) (April 30, 2021)Cambridge University Press. p. 450–470. doi:10.1017/nps.2021.4. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

"European Commission commemorates Roma Holocaust Memorial Day on 2 August". The Brussels Times. August 1, 2024. https://www.brusselstimes.com/1165961/european-commission-commemorates-roma-holocaust-memorial-day-on-2-august. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

[34] Reinhartz, Dennis. Unmarked graves: The destruction of the Yugoslav Roma in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941–1945. Journal of Genocide Research 1 (1) (1999). p. 81–89. doi:10.1080/14623529908413936.

[35] Tyaglyy, Mikhail. Were the "Chingené" Victims of the Holocaust? Nazi Policy toward the Crimean Roma, 1941–1944. Holocaust and Genocide Studies 23 (1) (March 1, 2009). p. 26–53. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcp015. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

[36] Kapralski, Sławomir. Traitors, Collaborators and Deserters in Contemporary European Politics of Memory. Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies (December 3, 2017). p. 215–240. ISBN 978-3-319-66495-8. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66496-5_9. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

[37] Kotljarchuk, Andrej. Babi Yar and the Nazi Genocide of Roma: Memory Narratives and Memory Practices in Ukraine. Nationalities Paper 50 (3) (April 30, 2021)Cambridge University Press. p. 450–470. doi:10.1017/nps.2021.4. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

[38] "European Commission commemorates Roma Holocaust Memorial Day on 2 August". The Brussels Times. August 1, 2024. https://www.brusselstimes.com/1165961/european-commission-commemorates-roma-holocaust-memorial-day-on-2-august. Retrieved December 11, 2024.

[11] 
Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

Weiss-Wendt, Anton. The Nazi Genocide of the Roma: Reassessment and Commemoration 17 (2013)Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-842-1. doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qcvtb. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

Kelso, Michelle. Holocaust Education (2016)Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315647173-11. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

Huttenbach, Henry R.. The Gypsies of Eastern Europe (1991)Routledge. ISBN 9781315490250. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

Baumgartner, Gerhard. The Road Towards Genocide - The Process of Exclusion and Persecution of Roma and Sinti in the 1930s and 1940s. S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation. (1) (2014)Wiener Wiesenthal Institut für Holocaust-Studien. p. 5–18. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

[40] Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

[41] Weiss-Wendt, Anton. The Nazi Genocide of the Roma: Reassessment and Commemoration 17 (2013)Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-842-1. doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qcvtb. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

[42] Kelso, Michelle. Holocaust Education (2016)Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315647173-11. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

[43] Huttenbach, Henry R.. The Gypsies of Eastern Europe (1991)Routledge. ISBN 9781315490250. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

[44] Baumgartner, Gerhard. The Road Towards Genocide - The Process of Exclusion and Persecution of Roma and Sinti in the 1930s and 1940s. S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation. (1) (2014)Wiener Wiesenthal Institut für Holocaust-Studien. p. 5–18. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

[12] 
Huttenbach, Henry R.. The Romani Pořajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Europe's Gypsies. Nationalities Papers 19 (3: Special issue - the Gypsies in Eastern Europe) (November 20, 2018)Cambridge University Press. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

Waluszko, Monika Weychert. The Roma Genocide. The Roma Pariahs before, during, and after the Second World War. Narracje o Zagładzie (6) (2020)Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 140–164. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

Statement by President von der Leyen, Vice-President Jourová and Commissioner Dalli on European Roma Holocaust Memorial Day. European Union (EU) (August 1, 2024). Retrieved December 7, 2024.

Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. 80th anniversary of the Genocide of the Roma commemoration event in Newcastle. UK Government (August 15, 2024). Retrieved December 7, 2024.

Aretakis, Catharine. Beyond Nazism: the impact of native persecution dynamics on the genocide of the Roma and Sinti. Holocaust Studies: A Journal of Culture and History (September 12, 2024). p. 1–24. doi:10.1080/17504902.2024.2392347. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

[46] Huttenbach, Henry R.. The Romani Pořajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Europe's Gypsies. Nationalities Papers 19 (3: Special issue - the Gypsies in Eastern Europe) (November 20, 2018)Cambridge University Press. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

[47] Waluszko, Monika Weychert. The Roma Genocide. The Roma Pariahs before, during, and after the Second World War. Narracje o Zagładzie (6) (2020)Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 140–164. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

[48] Statement by President von der Leyen, Vice-President Jourová and Commissioner Dalli on European Roma Holocaust Memorial Day. European Union (EU) (August 1, 2024). Retrieved December 7, 2024.

[49] Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. 80th anniversary of the Genocide of the Roma commemoration event in Newcastle. UK Government (August 15, 2024). Retrieved December 7, 2024.

[50] Aretakis, Catharine. Beyond Nazism: the impact of native persecution dynamics on the genocide of the Roma and Sinti. Holocaust Studies: A Journal of Culture and History (September 12, 2024). p. 1–24. doi:10.1080/17504902.2024.2392347. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

[13] The Historiography of the Holocaust (2005). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 383–396. ISBN 978-1-4039-9927-6.

[a]

[b]

[2]

[1]

[c]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]