Archimedes
Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287 – c. 212 BC)[2] was a Greek scientist. He was an inventor, an astronomer, and a mathematician. He was born in the town of Syracuse in Sicily.
Archimedes of Syracuse | |
|---|---|
Ἀρχιμήδης | |
.jpg) Archimedes, as an artist thinks he was | |
| Born | c. 287 BC |
| Died | c. 212 BC (aged c. 75) |
| Known for | |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | |
His father was Phidias, an astronomer, and he may have been in the family of a king of Syracuse. Syracuse was a rich Greek city, on the seashore in Sicily. When Archimedes was about ten years old, he left Syracuse to study in Alexandria, Egypt. He was in the school of Euclid, a famous mathematician. Not much is known about the personal life of Archimedes, for example, whether he was married or if he had children.
When the Romans invaded Syracuse, they captured Archimedes so they could learn all of the things he knew. About two years after he was drawing a mathematical diagram in the sand and enraged a soldier by refusing to go to meet the Roman general until he had finished working on the problem. The Roman killed him. His last words are supposed to have been "Do not disturb my circles!"
Spherical geometry
On the Sphere and Cylinder is a work that was published by Archimedes in two volumes in about 225 BC.[3] On the sphere, he showed that the surface area is four times the area of its great circle. In modern terms, this means that the surface area is equal to:
- [math]\displaystyle{ A_{S} = 4\pi r^2.\, }[/math][4]
The surface area of a cylinder is equal to:
- [math]\displaystyle{ A_{C} = 2 \pi r^2 + 2 \pi r h = 2 \pi r ( r + h ).\, }[/math]
The volume of the cylinder is:
- [math]\displaystyle{ V_{C} = \pi r^2 h. \, }[/math][5]
The volume of the contained ball is two-thirds the volume of a "circumscribed" cylinder.[6] meaning that the volume is
- [math]\displaystyle{ V_{S} = \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3, }[/math]
A sculpted sphere and cylinder were placed on the tomb of Archimedes at his request.
Archimedes the scientist
Archimedes is also well known for being the first person to understand statics, which is a part o f applied mathematics. It has to do with loads that do not move, for example in buildings or bridges. He also understood and wrote about what happens when things float in liquids, which is called buoyancy.
Archimedes' principle
Archimedes' principle: the weight of water displaced by an object equals the amount of buoyancy it gets. It has practical uses. It can be used to measure the density of an object, and hence whether or not it is made of gold.
The story of the golden crown does not appear in the surviving works of Archimedes. Archimedes may have got a solution known in hydrostatics as Archimedes' principle, which he describes in his treatise On Floating Bodies. This principle states that a body immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.[7] Using this principle, it would have been possible to compare the density of the golden crown to that of solid gold by balancing the crown on a scale with a gold reference sample, then immersing the apparatus in water. The difference in density between the two samples would cause the scale to tip accordingly. Galileo considered it "probable that this method is the same that Archimedes followed, since, besides being very accurate, it is based on demonstrations found by Archimedes himself".[8]
Archimedes, the inventor and engineer
Archimedes is also famous as an inventor because he made new tools and machines. For example, he made a machine to lift water that could be used by farmers to bring water to their crops. This is called Archimedes' screw.
Archimedes probably also invented a machine to measure distance, an odometer. A cart was built with wheels that turned four hundred times in one mile. A pin on the wheel would hit a 400-tooth gear, so it turned once for every mile. This gear would then make a small stone fall into a cup. At the end of a journey one could count the number of stones in the cup to find the distance.
Archimedes also made a system which one person could pull a large ship with just one rope. This was called the compound pulley. This is an important machine which is even today helps people in everyday life, although the versions we now use are much more complicated. They still work by the same principle, through.
Archimedes at war
Archimedes also invented or made many machines used in war, for example he made better catapults. This was during the Punic Wars, which were between Rome in what is now Italy and the city of Carthage in what is now North Africa. For many years he helped stop the Roman army from attacking Syracuse, his city. One war machine was called the "claw of Archimedes", or the "iron hand". It was used to defend the city from attacks by ships. Ancient writers said that it was a kind of crane with a hook that lifted ships out of the water and caused their destruction.
Another story about Archimedes is that he burned Roman ships from far away using many mirrors and the light from the sun. This is perhaps possible, but it is perhaps more likely that this was done with flaming missiles from a catapult.
Tributes to Archimedes
Archimedes is thought to be so important as a mathematician that scientists have honoured him:
Archimedes Media
Cicero Discovering the Tomb of Archimedes (1805) by Benjamin West
The Death of Archimedes (1815) by Thomas Degeorge
Measurement of volume by displacement, (a) before and (b) after an object has been submerged. The amount by which the liquid rises in the cylinder (∆V) is equal to the volume of the object.
The Archimedes' screw can raise water efficiently.
Archimedes calculates the side of the 12-gon from that of the hexagon and for each subsequent doubling of the sides of the regular polygon.
A proof that the area of the parabolic segment in the upper figure is equal to 4/3 that of the inscribed triangle in the lower figure from Quadrature of the Parabola
Front page of Archimedes' Opera, in Greek and Latin, edited by David Rivault (1615)
A sphere has 2/3 the volume and surface area of its circumscribing cylinder including its bases.
Ostomachion is a dissection puzzle found in the Archimedes Palimpsest.
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References
- ↑ Knorr, Wilbur R. (1978). "Archimedes and the spirals: The heuristic background". Historia Mathematica. 5 (1): 43–75. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(78)90134-9. ISSN 0315-0860.
"To be sure, Pappus does twice mention the theorem on the tangent to the spiral [IV, 36, 54]. But in both instances the issue is Archimedes' inappropriate use of a "solid neusis," that is, of a construction involving the sections of solids, in the solution of a plane problem. Yet Pappus' own resolution of the difficulty [IV, 54] is by his own classification a "solid" method, as it makes use of conic sections." (p. 48)
- ↑ Evans I.O. (1962). Inventors of the world. Warne. p. 11.
- ↑ Dunham, William 1990. Journey through genius. NY: Wiley, p99. ISBN 0-471-50030-5
- ↑ Eric W. Weisstein, Sphere at MathWorld. Retrieved on 2008-06-22
- ↑ Dunham, William 1994. The mathematical niverse. NY: Wiley, p226. ISBN 0-471-53656-3
- ↑ 'contained' and 'circumscribed': ball fits exactly into the cylinder, touching the edges of the cylinder
- ↑ Carroll, Bradley W. 2007. Archimedes' Principle. Weber State University [1]
- ↑ Rorres, Chris 2009. The golden crown: Galileo's balance. Drexel University. [2]