East–West Schism
The East-West Schism, also called the Great Schism or the Schism of 1054 is the break of the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.[1] Before 1054, Greek East and Latin West churches had many differences and arguments. In 1054, the two churches officially split.[1][2][3]
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| Date | 16 July 1054 – present |
|---|---|
| Type | Christian schism |
| Cause | Ecclesiastical differences Theological and liturgical disputes |
| Participants | Pope Leo IX Ecumenical Patriarch Michael I Cerularius |
| Outcome | Split of the two churches into the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church |
The two churches had many arguments. These include:
- Procession of the Holy Spirit (Filioque)
- If leavened or unleavened bread should be used in the Eucharist
- Iconoclasm
- The coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans in 800
- Whether the pope should lead the church[4]
The schism began in 1053. Greek churches in southern Italy Italy had to follow Latin church rules. If the Greek churches did not follow Latin rules, they would be closed.[5][6][7] Because of this, Patriarch Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople closed all Latin churches in Constantinople.
In 1054, Leo IX sent the papal legate to Constantinople. The papal legate tried to remove Cerularius's title of "ecumenical patriarch". They also tried to make Cerularius say that the pope was the head (ruler) of the churches.[1] The main purpose of the papal legate, however, was to get help from the Byzantine emperor, Constantine IX Monomachos. Leo of Ohrid was attacking unleavened bread and other Western traditions.[8] Cerularius was supporting Leo of Ohrid. The papal legate wanted Monomachos to make a response to Leo of Ohrid and the Norman conquest of southern Italy. The papal legate was sent because the emperor was trying to start a military campaign by the eastern and western empires against the Normans.[9] The leader of the papal legate, Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida, learned that Cerularius did not do what the papal legate asked them to do. Humbert excommunicated Cerularius. Because of this, Cerularius excommunicated Humbert and the papal legate.[1]
The church is still split. Both churches say that they other church started the schism. After the schism, more conflicts started between the churches.[1]
East–West Schism Media
Hagia Sophia, the cathedral of Constantinople at the time of the schism
Icon depicting the Emperor Constantine (centre) and the bishops of the First Council of Nicaea (325) holding the Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 706.
- ↑ D'Agostino 2008.
- ↑ Bayer 2004.
- ↑ Lembke 2010.
- ↑ Dragani 2005, p. 44.
- ↑ Bihlmeyer & Tüchle 1967, p. 102.
- ↑ Bury 1923, p. 267.
- ↑ Siecienski 2010, p. 113.
- ↑ Bayer 2004, p. 80.
Further reading
- Bremer, Thomas The "West" as the Archetypal Enemy in the Theological and Philosophical Discourse of Orthodox Christianity, EGO – European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2017, retrieved: March 8, 2021 (pdf).
- Henry Chadwick. East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church: From Apostolic Times until the Council of Florence. Oxford University Press, 2003.
- Chrysostom Frank. Orthodox–Catholic Relations: An Orthodox Reflection. 1998
- Joseph P. Farrell. God, History, & Dialectic: The Theological Foundations of the Two Europes and Their Cultural Consequences. Bound edition 1997. Electronic edition 2008.
- Gilbert, Philip (2004). "The Prerogratives of the Papal Office as the Prime Perpetuating Cause of the East–West Schism in the Modern Day". Academia.edu. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
- John Romanides, The Cure of the Neurobiological Sickness of Religion, the Hellenic Civilization of the Roman Empire, Charlemagne's Lie of 794 and His Lie Today
- Eugene Webb. In Search of The Triune God: The Christian Paths of East and West. University of Missouri Press, 2014.
Other websites
- Ware, Bp. Kallistos, Byzantium: The Great Schism, Father Alexander.
- Encyclopædia Britannica: Schism of 1054
- Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of Pope Paul VI and Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I, 7 December 1965
- BBC Radio 4 round table: In Our Time: Schism (16 October 2003) (audio)
- East–West Schism, Orthodox Church in the Philippines, archived from the original on 5 September 2012.
- The Great Schism, Orthodox SCOBA.