Native American
Native Americans (also called Aboriginal Americans, American Indians, Amerindians or indigenous peoples of the Americas) are the indigenous peoples and their descendants, who were in the Americas before Europeans arrived.
 A picture of a man from the Gros Ventre tribe | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 70 million + | |
| Languages | |
| Indigenous languages of the Americas, Spanish, Portuguese, English, Dutch, Danish, French | |
| Religion | |
|
Sometimes these people are called Indians, but this may be confusing, because it is the same word used for people from India. When Christopher Columbus explored, he did not know about the Americas. He was in the Caribbean but thought he was in the East Indies, so he called the people Indians. Today, some think that calling a Native American an Indian is racist.
There are many different tribes of Native American people, with many different languages. Some tribes were hunter-gatherers who moved from place to place. Others lived in one place and built cities and kingdoms.
Many Native Americans died after the Europeans came to the Americas. There were diseases that came with the Europeans but were new to the Native Americans. There were battles with the Europeans. Many native people were hurt, killed, or forced to leave their homes by settlers who took their lands.
Today, there are more than three million Native Americans in Canada and the U.S. combined. About 51 million more Native Americans live in Latin America. Many Native Americans still speak native languages and have their own cultural practices, while others have adopted some parts of Western culture. Many Native Americans face problems with discrimination and racism.
Origins
The ancestors of Native Americans came to the Americas from Asia. Some of them may have come to America 15,000 years ago when Alaska was connected to Siberia by the Bering land bridge.
The earliest people in the Americas came from Siberia when there was an ice bridge across the Bering Strait. The cold but mainly grassy plain which connected Siberia with Canada is called Beringia. It is reckoned that a few thousand people arrived in Beringia from eastern Siberia during the Last Glacial Maximum before moving into the Americas sometime after 16,500 years before the present (BP).[1] This would have occurred as the American glaciers blocking the way southward melted,[2][3][4][5][6] but before the bridge was covered by the sea about 11,000 years BP.
Before European colonization, Beringia was inhabited by the Yupik peoples on both sides of the straits. This culture remains in the region today, with others. In 2012, the governments of Russia and the United States announced a plan to formally establish "a transboundary area of shared Beringian heritage". Among other things this agreement would establish close ties between the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve and the Cape Krusenstern National Monument in the United States and Beringia National Park in Russia.[7]
Native Americans are divided into many small nations, called First Nations in Canada and tribes elsewhere.
Culture
Each Native American tribe has their own culture. The cultures can be grouped together depending on region. For example, the tribes living in Mesoamerica have similar cultures.
Food
Native Americans ate many different things depending on where they lived.
Native Americans from Mesoamerica introduced vanilla, avocados, and chocolate to the world.
Religion
Before Europeans came, the native peoples of the Americans practiced many different religions. Each tribe had their own different beliefs.
Today, many Native Americans practice Christianity, a religion that was brought to the Americas by Europeans. Meanwhile, others still practice their own religions.
Languages
Native Americans today speak over a thousand different languages. Some of these languages had writing systems before Europeans came.
Many of these languages are endangered because more people are speaking European languages and not teaching Native American languages to their kids.
Music
Native Americans make musical instruments using the things around them.
Art
Native Americans made a lot of different art.
Today
North America
United States
According to the 2010 United States census, 0.9% of Americans say they are Native American, 2.9 million people, and 0.8% of Americans say they are both Native American and something else. They are not evenly spread out through the United States. About a third of the people in Alaska are Native Alaskan and about a sixth of the people in Oklahoma are Native American.[8]
In the United States, most Native Americans live in cities. About 28% of Native Americans live on Indian reservations. Many Native Americans are poor, and 24% are extremely poor. The history of violence against Native Americans persists today in higher rates of violence against Native American people than white people.[9]
Mexico
Many Mexicans are of Native American or mestizo ancestry. Mexico has the largest and most diverse Native American population in Latin America.[10]
Canada
In the 2016 census, More than 1.67 million people in Canada identified as Indigenous, making them 4.9 percent of Canada’s population.[11][12]
Central America
Guatemala
About 40% of the people of Guatemala identify as Native American. Many indigenous groups in the country are descendants of the Maya.
Many Native Americans in Guatemala are poor. Many of them have left the country to find better jobs elsewhere.
South America
Bolivia
The majority of Bolivians belong to indigenous groups. Many are Aymara and Quechua.[13]
Peru
Peru has a large indigenous population, around 80% of Peru's population identify as indigenous or mestizo.[14]
Indigenous activism
In the later half of the 20th century, many Native Americans started to protest the unfair treatment they experienced from the societies they lived in.
Some Native Americans have become famous in politics. For example, an Aymara man named Evo Morales was elected as president of Bolivia in 2005. He was the first indigenous presidential candidate in Bolivia and South America.
Related pages
References
- ↑ "The first people who populated the Americas".
- ↑ Wang, Sijia; et al. (2007). "Genetic variation and population structure in Native Americans". PLOS Genetics. 3 (11): e185. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185. ISSN 1553-7390. PMC 2082466. PMID 18039031.
- ↑ Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008). "The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas". Science. 319 (5869): 1497–1502. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1497G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.398.9315. doi:10.1126/science.1153569. PMID 18339930. S2CID 36149744.
- ↑ Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; et al. (2008). "Mitochondrial population genomics supports a single pre-Clovis origin with a coastal route for the peopling of the Americas". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026.
- ↑ Tamm, Erika; et al. (2007). Carter, Dee (ed.). "Beringian standstill and spread of Native American founders". PLOS ONE. 2 (9): e829. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..829T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000829. PMC 1952074. PMID 17786201.
- ↑ Achilli, A.; et al. (2008). MacAulay, Vincent (ed.). "The phylogeny of the four Pan-American MtDNA haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies". PLOS ONE. 3 (3): e1764. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1764A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001764. PMC 2258150. PMID 18335039.
- ↑ Llanos, Miguel (21 September 2012). Ancient land of 'Beringia' gets protection from US, Russia. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120923070230/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/21/13941998-ancient-land-of-beringia-gets-protection-from-us-russia?lite.
- ↑ "Demographics". National Congress of American Indians. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ↑ Joe Whittle (September 4, 2017). Most Native Americans live in cities, not reservations. Here are their stories. Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/04/native-americans-stories-california. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ↑ "Indigenous peoples".
- ↑ First Nations
- ↑ "First Nations".
- ↑ "Bolivia - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples".
- ↑ "Peru - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples". Minority Rights Group. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 2021-09-22.