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Pluto

For other uses, see Pluto (disambiguation).

Pluto is a dwarf planet in the Solar System.[7] Its formal name is 134340 Pluto, and its planetary symbol ⯓[8] or ♇.[9] Pluto is the ninth largest body that moves around the Sun. Upon first being discovered, Pluto was considered a planet but was reclassified to a dwarf planet in 2006. It is the largest body in the Kuiper belt.

Pluto ⯓♇
Pluto-01 Stern 03 Pluto Color TXT.jpg
Enhanced color view of Pluto
imaged by the New Horizons spacecraft
on 13 July 2015
Discovery
Discovered byClyde W. Tombaugh
Discovery dateFebruary 18, 1930
Designations
MPC designation134340 Pluto
Pronunciationhow to say: /ˈpluːtoʊ/,[note 1]
dwarf planet,
TNO,
plutoid,
KBO,
plutino
AdjectivesPlutonian
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Aphelion7,375,927,931 km
49.305 032 87 AU
Perihelion4,436,824,613 km
29.658 340 67 AU
5,906,376,272 km
39.481 686 77 AU
Eccentricity0.248 807 66
90,613.305 days
248.09 years
14,164.4 Pluto solar days[1]
366.73 days
4.666 km/s
Inclination17.141 75°
11.88° to Sun's equator
110.303 47°
113.763 29°
Known satellites5
Physical characteristics
Mean radius
1,187 ± 4 km[2]
0.18 Earths
1.665×107 km²[note 2]
0.033 Earths
Volume6,39×109 km³[note 3]
0.0059  Earths
Mass(1.305 ± 0.007)×1022 kg[3]
0.002 1 Earths
0.178 moon
Mean density
2.03 ± 0.06 g/cm³[3]
0.658 m/s²[note 4]
0.067 g
1.229 km/s[note 5]
−6.387 230 day
6 d 9 h 17 m 36 s
Equatorial rotation velocity
47.18 km/h
119.591 ± 0.014° (to orbit)[3][note 6]
North pole right ascension
133.046 ± 0.014°[3]
North pole declination
−6.145 ± 0.014°[3]
Albedo0.49–0.66 (varies by 35%)[4][5]
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin 33 K 44 K 55 K
up to 13.65 (mean is 15.1)[5]
−0.7[6]
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
0.30 Pa (summer maximum)
Composition by volumenitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide

Like other members of the Kuiper belt, Pluto is mainly made of rock and ice. It is quite small. It is about a fifth (⅕) of the weight of the Earth's Moon. It is only a third (⅓) of its volume. Pluto is very far from the Sun, so its temperature is very low. The average temperature on Pluto is -226 to -240 degrees Celsius.[10] It has an odd orbit and this orbit is very sloped. It takes Pluto to 30 to 49 AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun. This causes Pluto to sometimes go closer to the Sun than Neptune.

Since it was discovered in 1930, Pluto was thought to be the Solar System's ninth planet. In the late 1970s, the minor planet 2060 Charon was found and people learned that Pluto had a small size.[11] Later, in the early 21st century, the scattered disc object Eris and other objects like Pluto were discovered. Eris was initially believed to be 27% larger than Pluto, but was later found to be slightly smaller.[12] On August 24, 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) gave a definition to the word "planet" for the first time. By this definition, Pluto was not a planet anymore. It became a "dwarf planet" along with Eris and Ceres.[13] After this, Pluto was put on the list of minor planets and was downgraded in 2006 by astronomer Michael E Brown.[14] It was given the number 134340.[15][16] Some scientists still think that Pluto should be classified as a planet.[17]

Discovery

In the 1840s, using Newtonian mechanics, Urbain Le Verrier predicted the planet Neptune existed. He discovered this after studying the orbit of Uranus.[18] Neptune was seen later in the late 19th century. Astronomers then felt that another planet was disturbing Uranus's orbit. In 1906, Percival Lowell, a person from Boston began an extensive to search the ninth planet. He called it "Planet X".[19] By 1909, Lowell and William H. Pickering had suggested many possible places in the Solar System where the planet could be.[20] Lowell continued the research till 1916. However, it fetched no good result. On March 19, 1915, his observatory had captured two images of Pluto. Lowell did not know this. The pictures were not recognized then for what they were.[20][21]

Constance Lowell, Percival's widow had a ten-year-long legal battle for Percival's estate. For this reason, the search for Planet X again started in 1929.[22] The director of the mission, Vesto Melvin Slipher, gave the job to Clyde Tombaugh, a 23-year-old Kansas man. Tombaugh had just come to the Lowell Observatory. Slipher had been impressed by his astronomical drawings.[22]

Tombaugh's had to systematically get pictures of the night sky in pairs every two weeks. Then, he had to look at each pair, to see whether any object had shifted. He used a machine called a blink comparator. He quickly shifted between the different views of each of the plates. This helped him to see whether any object had changed its position. On February 18, 1930, Tombaugh discovered an object which seemed to move from the photographic plates taken on January 23 and January 29 of the year. Another picture taken on January 21 confirmed this.[23] After the observatory did more research about it, news of the discovery was telegraphed to the Harvard College Observatory on March 13, 1930.[20]

Name

The discovery made headlines across the Earth. The Lowell Observatory had the right to name the new object. They received over 1000 suggestions from all over the world. Some proposed Atlas as the name. Others wanted to name it Zymal.[24] Tombaugh urged Slipher to suggest a name for the new object quickly before someone else did.[24] Constance Lowell proposed Zeus, then Lowell, and finally Constance. These suggestions were not used.[25]

The name Pluto was proposed by Venetia Burney (later Venetia Phair). She was an 11-year-old schoolgirl in Oxford, England then.[26] Venetia was interested in classical mythology and astronomy. The name was of the Roman god of the underworld. She thought it was a good name for a dark and cold world. She suggested it when she was talking with her grandfather Falconer Madan. He was a former librarian at the University of Oxford's Bodleian Library. Madan passed the name to Professor Herbert Hall Turner. Turner told this proposed name to the astronomers in the United States.[27]

The object was officially named on March 24, 1930.[28][29] Each member of the Lowell Observatory was allowed to vote on a short list of three names. The names were Minerva (which was already the name for an asteroid), Cronus, and Pluto. Pluto received all votes.[30] The name was announced on May 1, 1930.[26] Upon the announcement, Madan gave Venetia five pounds as a reward.[26]

The name became popular in culture. The Disney character, Pluto, was introduced in the same year. He was named in the object's honor.[31] In 1941, Glenn T. Seaborg named the newly created element plutonium after Pluto. This was to keep the tradition of naming new elements after newly discovered planets. For example, uranium had been named after Uranus, and neptunium after Neptune.[32]

IAU classification

After a debate, in August 2006 an IAU resolution created an official definition for the term "planet". According to this resolution, there are three conditions for an object in the Solar System to be considered a planet:

  1. The object must be in orbit around the Sun.
  2. The object must be massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity. More specifically, its own gravity should pull it into a shape defined by hydrostatic equilibrium.
  3. It must have cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.

Pluto fails to meet the third condition.[33] Its mass is much less than the combined mass of the other objects in its orbit: 0.07 times. Earth, by contrast, is 1.7 million times the remaining mass in its orbit (excluding the moon). The IAU also decided that bodies which, like Pluto, meet criteria 1 and 2 but do not meet criterion 3, would be called dwarf planets.

In September 2006, the IAU included Pluto, and Eris and its moon Dysnomia, in their Minor Planet Catalogue. it gave them the official minor planet designations "(134340) Pluto", "(136199) Eris", and "(136199) Eris I Dysnomia".[34]

Moons

 
Size comparison with Pluto and Charon

Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, are sometimes called a "binary system". This is because the barycentre of their orbits does not lie within them.[35] The IAU has yet to formalise a definition for binary dwarf planets, and until it passes such a ruling, they classify Charon as a moon of Pluto.[36] Pluto has four known smaller moons, Nix and Hydra, discovered in 2005,[37] Kerberos, discovered in 2011, and Styx, discovered in 2012.

Pluto Media

  • The astronomer Clyde Tombaugh, discoverer of Pluto here shown with his homemade 9-inch telescope.

  • Pluto symbol (southern Europe)

  • Pluto symbol (northern Europe)

  • Pluto symbol (northern Europe, variant)

  • Charon symbol (fixed width)

Notes

  1. ↑ In US dictionary transcription, US dict: plōō′·tō. From the Latin: Plūto
  2. ↑ Surface area derived from the radius r: [math]\displaystyle{ 4\pi r^2 }[/math]'''.
  3. ↑ Volume v derived from the radius r: [math]\displaystyle{ 4\pi r^3/3 }[/math]'''.
  4. ↑ Surface gravity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r: [math]\displaystyle{ Gm/r^2 }[/math].
  5. ↑ Escape velocity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r: [math]\displaystyle{ \sqrt{2Gm/r} }[/math].
  6. ↑ Based on the orientation of Charon's orbit, which is assumed the same as Pluto's spin axis due to the mutual tidal locking.

References

  1. ↑ Seligman, Courtney. "Rotation Period and Day Length". Retrieved 2009-08-13.
  2. ↑ Stern, S. A.; et al. (16 October 2015), "The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons", Science, 350 (6258): aad1815-1–aad1815-8, arXiv:1510.07704, Bibcode:2015Sci...350.1815S, doi:10.1126/science.aad1815, ISSN 0036-8075, PMID 26472913, S2CID 1220226
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 M.W. Buie, W.M. Grundy, E.F. Young, L.A. Young, S.A. Stern (2006). "Orbits and photometry of Pluto's satellites: Charon, S/2005 P1, and S/2005 P2". Astronomical Journal. 132 (1): 290–298. arXiv:astro-ph/0512491. Bibcode:2006AJ....132..290B. doi:10.1086/504422. S2CID 119386667.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Calvin J. Hamilton (2006-02-12). "Dwarf Planet Pluto". Views of the Solar System. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 David R. Williams. "Planetary Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
  6. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 134340 Pluto". Retrieved 2008-06-12.
  7. ↑ "Pluto Overview". Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  8. ↑ JPL/NASA (2015-04-22). "What is a Dwarf Planet?". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
  9. ↑ John Lewis, ed. (2004). Physics and chemistry of the solar system (2 ed.). Elsevier. p. 64. ISBN 9780124467446.
  10. ↑ "In Depth | Pluto". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  11. ↑ Ian Ridpath (December 1978). "Pluto—Planet or Impostor?" (PDF). Astronomy: 6–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-07. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  12. ↑ "Astronomers Measure Mass of Largest Dwarf Planet". hubblesite. 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-03.
  13. ↑ A. Akwagyiram (2005). "Farewell Pluto?". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-03-05.
  14. ↑ Ghosh, Pallab (2015-07-14) (in en-GB). Man who 'killed Pluto' has no regrets. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33514304. Retrieved 2019-02-18. 
  15. ↑ T.B. Spahr (2006). "MPEC 2006-R19 : Editorial Notice". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
  16. ↑ D. Shiga (2006). "Pluto added to official "minor planet" list". NewScientist. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
  17. ↑ Richard Gray (2008-08-10). "Pluto should get back planet status, say astronomers". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2008-08-12. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  18. ↑ K. Croswell (1997). Planet quest: the epic discovery of alien solar systems. The Free Press. pp. 43. ISBN 978-0684832524.
  19. ↑ Tombaugh, C. W. (1946). "The Search for the Ninth Planet, Pluto". Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets. 5 (209): 73–80. Bibcode:1946ASPL....5...73T.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 W.G. Hoyt (1976). "W H. Pickering's planetary predictions and the discovery of Pluto". Isis. 67 (4): 551–564. doi:10.1086/351668. JSTOR 230561. PMID 794024. S2CID 26512655.
  21. ↑ Mark Littman (1990). Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System. Wiley. pp. 70. ISBN 047151053X.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Croswell, p. 50
  23. ↑ Croswell p. 52
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 J. Rao (2005). "Finding Pluto: Tough Task, Even 75 Years Later". SPACE.com. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
  25. ↑ B. Mager. "The search continues". Pluto: The Discovery of Planet X. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 P. Rincon (13 January 2006). "The girl who named a planet". Pluto: The Discovery of Planet X (BBC News). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4596246.stm. Retrieved 2007-04-12. 
  27. ↑ K.M. Claxton. "The Planet 'Pluto'". Parents' Union School Diamond Jubilee Magazine, 1891–1951 (Ambleside: PUS, 1951), p. 30–32. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
  28. ↑ The Trans-Neptunian body: decision to call it Pluto. May 27, 1930. pp. 15. 
  29. ↑ Name Pluto given to body believed to be planet X. New York City. May 25, 1930. p. 1. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60F14FC3D55147A93C7AB178ED85F448385F9&scp=1&sq=Name%20given%20to%20body%20planet%20X&st=cse. "Pluto, the title of the Roman gods of the region of darkness, was announced tonight at Lowell Observatory here as the name chosen for the recently discovered trans-Neptunian body, which is believed to be the long-sought Planet X.". 
  30. ↑ Croswell pp. 54–55
  31. ↑ Allison M. Heinrichs (2006). "Dwarfed by comparison". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
  32. ↑ David L. Clark and David E. Hobart (2000). "Reflections on the Legacy of a Legend" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-08-09.
  33. ↑ Margot, Jean-Luc (2015). "A quantitative criterion for defining planets". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (6): 185. arXiv:1507.06300. Bibcode:2015AJ....150..185M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/185. S2CID 51684830.
  34. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". California Institute of Technology. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
  35. ↑ C.B. Olkin, L.H. Wasserman, O.G. Franz (2003). "The mass ratio of Charon to Pluto from Hubble Space Telescope astrometry with the fine guidance sensors" (PDF). Icarus. 164 (1): 254–259. Bibcode:2003Icar..164..254O. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00136-2. Retrieved 2007-03-13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ↑ O. Gingerich (2006). "The path to defining planets" (PDF). Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and IAU EC Planet Definition Committee chair. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
  37. ↑ B. Sicardy, W. Beisker; et al. (2006). "Observing two Pluto stellar approaches in 2006: results on Pluto's atmosphere and detection of Hydra". Aas/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts #38. 38. Bibcode:2006DPS....38.3106S. Retrieved 2007-03-13.

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