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Open back unrounded vowel

The open back unrounded vowel is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English. For example, it is the al in balm, and in some dialects the a in bath.

Open back unrounded vowel
ɑ
Encoding
X-SAMPAA
 

Characteristics

Template:Vowels

Examples

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[1] d'aa'r [dɑːr] (help·info) 'there' The quality varies between open near-back unrounded [ɑ̟ː], open back unrounded [ɑː] and even open back rounded [ɒː].[1] See Afrikaans phonology
Äiwoo k'â'nongä [kɑnoŋæ] 'I want'
Arabic Standard[2] طويل (ṭawīl) [tˤɑˈwiːl] (help·info) 'tall' Allophone of long and short /a/ near emphatic consonants, depending on the speaker's accent. See Arabic phonology
Essaouira[3] قال (qāl) [qɑːl] 'he said' One of the possible realisations of /ā/.[3]
Armenian Eastern[2] հ'ա'ց (hacʿ) [hɑt͡sʰ] 'bread'
Bashkir ҡ'а'ҙ (q'a'đ) [qɑð] (help·info) 'goose'
Catalan Many dialects[4] p'a'l [ˈpɑɫ] 'stick' Allophone of /a/ in contact with velar consonants.[4] See Catalan phonology
Some dialects[5][6] m'à' [ˈmɑ] 'hand' More central ([ä] or [ɐ̞]) in other dialects; fully front [a] in Majorcan Catalan.[6] See Catalan phonology
Majorcan and Valencian (some speakers)[4] ll'o'c [ˈʎ̟ɑk] 'place' Unrounded allophone of /ɔ/ in some accents.[4] It can be centralized. See Catalan phonology
Southern Valencian[7] b'o'u [ˈbɑw] 'bull' Pronunciation of the vowel /ɔ/ before [w].[7] It can be centralized. See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin[8] 棒 (b'à'ng) [pɑŋ˥˩] (help·info) 'stick' Allophone of /a/ before /ŋ/.[8] See Standard Chinese phonology
Dutch Standard[9][10] b'a'd [bɑt] (help·info) 'bath' Backness varies among dialects; in the Standard Northern accent it is fully back.[11][9] In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to [ɑ̝̈].[10] See Dutch phonology
Amsterdam[12] 'aa'p [ɑːp] 'monkey' Corresponds to [[[:Template:IPAplink]] ~ Template:IPAplink] in standard Dutch.
Antwerp[13]
Utrecht[13]
The Hague[14] n'auw' [nɑː] 'narrow' Corresponds to [ʌu] in standard Dutch.
English General American[15] on [ɑn] 'on' May be more front [ɑ̟ ~ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found.], especially in accents without the cot-caught merger.[clarification needed] See English phonology
Cockney[16] palm [pɑːm] 'palm' Fully back. It can be more front [ɑ̟ː] instead.
General South African[17] Fully back. Broad varieties usually produce a rounded vowel [Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. ~ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found.] instead, while Cultivated SAE prefers a more front vowel [ɑ̟ː ~ Template:IPAplink]. See South African English phonology
Cultivated
South African[18]		 [pɑ̟ːm] Typically more front than cardinal [ɑ]. It may be as front as [äː] in some Cultivated South African and southern English speakers. See English phonology and South African English phonology
Received Pronunciation[19]
Non-local Dublin[20] back [bɑq] 'back' Allophone of /a/ before velars for some speakers.[20]
Faroese Some dialects[21] v'á'tur [ˈvɑːtʊɹ] 'wet' Corresponds to /ɔɑ/ in standard language.[21] See Faroese phonology
French Conservative Parisian[22][23] p'a's [pɑ] 'not' Contrasts with /a/, but many speakers have only one open vowel [ä].[24] See French phonology
Quebec[25] [[[French orthography|p'â'te]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized private tag: quebec (help) [pɑːt] (help·info) 'paste' Contrasts with /a/.[25] See Quebec French phonology
Galician[26][27] irm'á'n [iɾˈmɑŋ] 'brother' Allophone of /a/ in contact with velar consonants.[26][27] See Galician phonology
Georgian[28] გუდ'ა' (gud'a') [k̬ud̪ɑ] 'leather bag' Usually not fully back [ɑ], typically [ɑ̟] to [ä].[29] Sometimes transcribed as /a/.
German Standard[30] Gourm'and' [ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɑ̃ː] 'gourmand' Nasalized; often realized as rounded [ɒ̃ː].[31] See Standard German phonology
Many speakers[32] n'ah' [nɑː] 'near' Used by speakers in Northern Germany, East Central Germany, Franconia and Switzerland.[32] Also a part of the Standard Austrian accent.[33] More front in other accents. See Standard German phonology
Greek Sfakian[34] μπύρ'α' (býra) [ˈbirɑ] "beer" Corresponds to central [[[:Template:IPAplink]] ~ Template:IPAplink] in Modern Standard Greek.[35][36] See Modern Greek phonology
Hindustani Hindi ख़ास/khas [xɑːs] (help·info) 'special' Allophone of [[[:Template:IPAplink]] ~ Template:IPAplink]. More likely to be heard in serious speech or poetry. See Hindustani phonology.
Urdu خاص/khas
Hungarian Some dialects[37] m'a'gy'a'r [ˈmɑɟɑr] 'Hungarian' Weakly rounded [ɒ] in standard Hungarian.[38] See Hungarian phonology
Inuit West Greenlandic[39] oq'a'rpoq [ɔˈqɑpːɔq̚] 'he says' Allophone of /a/ before and especially between uvulars.[39] See Inuit phonology
Italian Some Piedmont dialects c'a's'a' [ˈkɑːzɑ] 'house' Allophone of /a/ which in Italian is largely realised as central [ä].
Irish Munster Dialect 'á'it [ɑːtʲ] 'place' See Irish phonology
Kaingang[40] g'a' [ᵑɡɑ] 'land, soil' Varies between back [ɑ] and central [ɐ].[41]
Khmer ស្ករ (skâr) [skɑː] 'sugar' See Khmer phonology
Low German[42] 'a'l / 'aa'l [ɑːl] 'all' Backness may vary among dialects.[42]
Malay Kedah[43] mat'a' [ma.tɑ] 'eye' See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani Allophone of syllable-final /a/ in open-ended words and before /k/ and /h/ codas. See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Standard qari [qɑ.ri] 'qari' Found only in certain Arabic loanwords and used by speakers who know Arabic. Normally replaced by [Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found.]. See Malay phonology
Norwegian[44][45] h'a't [hɑːt] 'hate' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. Central [äː] in some other dialects.[44][45][46] See Norwegian phonology
Portuguese Some Azorean dialects n'a'da [ˈnɑðɐ] 'nothing' See Portuguese phonology
Paulista[47] veget'a'l [veʒeˈtɑw] 'vegetable' Only immediately before [w].[47]
Russian[48] п'а'лка (palka) [ˈpɑɫkə] 'stick' Occurs only before the hard /l/, but not when a palatalized consonant precedes. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic Lewis[49] b'a'lach [ˈpɑl̪ˠəx] 'boy' Allophone of [a] in proximity to broad sonorants.
Sema[50] amq'a' [à̠mqɑ̀] 'lower back' Possible realization of /a/ after uvular stops.[50]
Swedish Some dialects j'a'g [jɑːɡ] 'I' Weakly rounded [ɒ̜ː] in Central Standard Swedish.[51] See Swedish phonology
Turkish[52] 'a't [ɑt̪] (help·info) 'horse' Also described as central [ä].[53] See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[54] м'а'ти (maty) [ˈmɑtɪ] 'mother' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese Some dialects in North Central and Central g'à' [ɣɑ˨˩] 'chicken' See Vietnamese phonology[55][56]
West Frisian Standard[57] l'a'ng [ɫɑŋ] 'long' Also described as central [ä].[58] See West Frisian phonology
Aastersk[59] m'aa't [mɑːt] 'mate' Contrasts with a front /aː/.[59] See West Frisian phonology

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded low-central vowel /a/".
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990), p. 39.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Francisco (2019), p. 74.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Saborit (2009), p. 10.
  5. ↑ Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Recasens (1996), pp. 90–92.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Recasens (1996), pp. 131–132.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mou (2006), p. 65.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  11. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
  12. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 78, 104, 133.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 104, 133.
  14. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  15. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  16. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 305.
  17. ↑ Lass (2002), p. 117.
  18. ↑ Lass (2002), p. 116-117.
  19. ↑ Roach (2004), p. 242.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Glossary. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Árnason (2011), pp. 69, 79.
  22. ↑ Ashby (2011), p. 100.
  23. ↑ Collins & Mees (2013), pp. 225–227.
  24. ↑ Collins & Mees (2013), pp. 226–227.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Walker (1984), p. 53.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Regueira (1996), p. 122.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Freixeiro Mato (2006), pp. 72–73.
  28. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  29. ↑ Aronson, Howard. Georgian: A Reading Grammar (1990). Columbus, OH: Slavica.
  30. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 38.
  31. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 38.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  33. ↑ Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015), pp. 342–344.
  34. ↑ Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
  35. ↑ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  36. ↑ Arvaniti (2007), pp. 25, 28.
  37. ↑ Vago (1980), p. 1.
  38. ↑ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Fortescue (1990), p. 317.
  40. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  41. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Prehn (2012), p. 157.
  43. ↑ Zaharani Ahmad (1991).
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
  46. ↑ Vanvik (1979), pp. 16–17.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Galastri (2011), p. 21.
  48. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 50.
  49. ↑ Oftedal (1956), p. 53.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Teo (2014), p. 28.
  51. ↑ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
  52. ↑ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  53. ↑ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  54. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  55. ↑ Phạm, Andrea Hòa. Ngôn ngữ biến đổi và số phận của nguyên âm /a/ trong giọng Quảng Nam (Issues in Language change and the phonemic status of /a/ in the Quang Nam dialect) (in vi). Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics) 6 (2014). p. 10–18.
  56. ↑ Phạm, Andrea Hòa. Sự biến âm trong vần tiếng Việt: thổ ngữ làng Hến, huyện Đức Thọ, tỉnh Hà Tĩnh [Sound change in Vietnamese rhymes: the dialect of Hến Village of Đức Thọ District, Hà Tĩnh Province] (in vi). Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ Học (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics) 11 (2016). p. 7–28.
  57. ↑ de Haan (2010), p. 333.
  58. ↑ Visser (1997), p. 14.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 van der Veen (2001), p. 102.

External links

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