Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire, or Persian Empire,[3] (550–330 BC) was the first Persian Empire to rule over significant portions of Greater Persia (or Iran). It followed the Median Empire as the second great empire of the Iranian peoples.[4] At the height of its power, the Achaemenid Empire had about 7.5 million square kilometres and was territorially the largest empire of classical antiquity.
Achaemenid Empire شاهنشاهی هخامنشی ایران | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 550-330 BCE | |||||||||
.svg) | |||||||||
 Achaemenid Empire. | |||||||||
| Capital | Ecbatana, Susa | ||||||||
| Religion | Zoroastrianism | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Persian | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
• first King | Cyrus II, the Great | ||||||||
• last King | Darius III Codomannus | ||||||||
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The empire was forged by Cyrus the Great. It spanned three continents, including parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan; parts of Central Asia, Asia Minor, Thrace; much of the Black Sea coastal regions; Iraq, northern Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon and Syria; and all of the significant population centres of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya. The empire was the foe of the Greek city-states of the Greco-Persian Wars. It freed the Israelites from their Babylonian captivity and instituted Aramaic as the its official language. Because of the empire's vast extent and long endurance, Persian influence upon the language, religion, architecture, philosophy, law, and government of nations around the world has lasted ever since.
History
The empire began as a tributary state of the Medes but ended up conquering and enlarging them and including Egypt and Asia Minor. Under Xerxes, it came very close to conquering Ancient Greece. The Achaemenids were overthrown by Alexander the Great, who conquered it in 330 BCE.
Kings and leaders
- Teispes of Anshan, son of Achaemenes
- Cyrus I of Anshan, son of Teispes
- Cambyses I of Anshan, son of Cyrus I
- Cyrus II, the Great, son of Cambyses I, ruled from c.550-530 BCE (ruler of Anshan c. 559 BCE – conquered Media 550 BCE)
- Cambyses II, son of Cyrus the Great, ruled 529-522 BCE
- Smerdis (Bardiya), alleged son of Cyrus the Great, ruled 522 BCE (Possibly a usurper)
- Darius I, the Great, brother-in-law of Smerdis and grandson of Arsames, ruled 521-486 BCE
- Xerxes I, son of Darius I, ruled 485-465 BCE
- Artaxerxes I Longimanus, son of Xerxes I, ruled 465-424 BCE
- Xerxes II, son of Artaxerxes I, ruled 424 BCE
- Sogdianus, half-brother and rival of Xerxes II, ruled 424-423 BCE
- Darius II Nothus, half-brother and rival of Xerxes II, ruled 423-405 BCE
- Artaxerxes II Mnemon, son of Darius II, ruled 404-359 BCE (see also Xenophon)
- Artaxerxes III Ochus, son of Artaxerxes II, ruled 358-338 BCE
- Artaxerxes IV Arses, son of Artaxerxes III, ruled 338-336 BCE
- Darius III Codomannus, great-grandson of Darius II, ruled 336-330 BCE
Achaemenid Empire Media
Family tree of the Achaemenid rulers.
Map of the expansion process of Achaemenid territories
Cyrus the Great's tomb, located at Pasargadae
The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent c. 500 BC
The Persian queen Atossa, daughter of Cyrus the Great, sister-wife of Cambyses II, Darius the Great's wife, and mother of Xerxes the Great
Map showing events of the first phases of the Greco-Persian Wars
Achaemenid gold ornaments, Brooklyn Museum
.svg)
Related pages
- Persian Empire
- Cyrus the Great, Founder of Achaemenid dynasty and King of Persia.
- Darius I, King of Persia.
- Sassanid Empire
References
- ↑ "Vexilloid of the Achaemenid Empire". Archived from the original on 2008-08-19. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
- ↑ "Flags of Persian History". Archived from the original on 2005-05-28. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
- ↑ Persian: هخامنشیان IPA: [haχɒmaneʃijɒn]
- ↑ The Iranian peoples spoke Indo-European languages such as Old Persian and Avestan.
Sources
- Stronach, David "Darius at Pasargadae: a neglected source for the history of early Persia," Topoi
- Stronach, David "Anshan and Parsa: early Achaemenid history, art and architecture on the Iranian Plateau". In: John Curtis, ed., Mesopotamia and Iran in the Persian period: conquest and imperialism 539–331, 35–53. London: British Museum Press, 1997.
Further reading
- "How Did the Scythians Influence the Achaemenid Empire?". DailyHistory.org.
- From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Pierre Briant, Eisenbrauns: 2002, ISBN 978-1-57506-0316
Other websites
- Achemenet The major electronic resource for the study of the history, literature and archaeology of the Persian Empire
- Persepolis Before Incursion (Virtual tour project)
- Musée achéménide virtuel et interactif (Mavi) Archived 2006-11-26 at the Wayback Machine a vast "Virtual Interactive Achemenide Museum" of more than 8000 items, dedicated to the inheritance of the Persian Empire, from Cyrus to Alexander the Great, is now accessible on the Internet thanks to the initiative of a College de France professor, Pierre Briant.
- Livius.org on Achaemenids
- Livius.org on Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions Archived 2016-12-18 at the Wayback Machine
- Cyrus' Charter of Human Rights
- Achaemenid art on Iran Chamber Society (www.iranchamber.com)
- Persepolis Fortification Archive Project
- Photos of the tribute bearers from the 23 satrapies of the Achaemenid empire, from Persepolis Archived 2021-08-31 at the Wayback Machine