Antisemitism
Antisemitism is the hatred of, or prejudice against, Jewish people.[1][2] A synonym is Judeophobia,[3] preferred by those who argue that antisemitism is too ambiguous.[3]
Origin
As per American historian Deborah Lipstadt, antisemitism (German: antisemitismus) was coined by German nationalist Wilhelm Marr in 1881 to describe the anti-Jewish sentiment in German society. The term refers to Jews who practice Judaism, Jews who have converted to Christianity as well as those of Jewish ancestry.[4] Sometimes, the term is spelled as anti-Semitism, but such spelling is controversial, particularly because there is no such thing as "Semitism" and the concept "Semitic race" stemmed from scientific racism.[4]
History of antisemitism
Antisemitism has a long history.[3] The worst instance of antisemitism in history is the Holocaust.
The Holocaust
The Holocaust was a genocide committed by Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 (during World War II). It was also known as the Final Solution. The Nazis' plan was to get rid of every Jew in Europe. They succeeded in killing up to 67% of the Jews in Europe: around six million people. This plan was based on antisemitism. Adolf Hitler believed that the "Aryan race" was better than all others, including Jews. To him and his followers, the "Aryan race" was the master race.
Today
Antisemitism[1][3] is still common today.[2] In 2011 Pew Research Center polled people in all of the Middle Eastern countries where Muslims were the majority. Most of the people they polled viewed the Jews very negatively. Only 2% of Egyptians, 3% of Lebanese Muslims, and 2% of Jordanians reported having a good view of Jews.[5] In a 2013 survey of 5,847 Jewish people in Europe, 76% thought that antisemitism had increased in the past five years. 29% had thought about moving countries because they felt unsafe.[6] A 2017 survey showed that 14% of Americans had antisemitic feelings.[7] Since Hamas's brutal attack against Israel on October 7, 2023, there has been a surge of antisemitism in America and Europe, especially on college campuses in the United States. This antisemitism has led to Jewish students feelings alienated and attacks for expressing their identities as Jews. There is also widespread antisemitism in social media.
Lies about Jews
Ancient
- The Jews killed Jesus[8][9]
- The Jews conspire against Christianity[10]
Middle Ages
Modern
- The Jews control mass media[13]
- The Jews control all the banks[14]
- The Jews control governments around the world[15][16]
- The Jews create wars and revolutions around the world[17]
Contemporary
Antisemitism in Abrahamic religions
Antisemitism in the Bible
The New Testament consists of antisemitic content blaming all Jews for the Crucifixion of Jesus:
For you, brothers and sisters, became imitators of God’s churches in Judea, which are in Christ Jesus: You suffered from your own people the same things those churches suffered from the Jews who killed the Lord Jesus and the prophets and also drove us out. They displease God and are hostile to everyone in their effort to keep us from speaking to the Gentiles so that they may be saved. In this way, they always heap up their sins to the limit. The wrath of God has come upon them at last.
—
Antisemitism in the Quran
The Qur'an consists of antisemitic content similar to that of the New Testament of the Bible:
Thou wilt find the most vehement of mankind in hostility to those who believe (to be) the Jews and the idolaters. And thou wilt find the nearest of them in affection to those who believe (to be) those who say: Lo! We are Christians. That is because there are among them priests and monks, and because they are not proud.
—
Antisemitism Media
1879 statute of the Antisemitic League
Cover page of Marr's The Way to Victory of Germanicism over Judaism, 1880 edition
A caricature by C. Léandre (France, 1898) showing Rothschild with the world in his hands
Front cover of The Kingdom of Shylock (1917), a pamphlet by Australian politician Frank Anstey asserting Jewish control of banking and finance
A Jewish Soviet soldier taken prisoner by the German Army, August 1941. At least 50,000 Jewish soldiers were shot after selection.
A sign held at a protest in Edinburgh, Scotland, January 2009
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Related pages
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Working Definition Of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism :- Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion.
- Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions.
- Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews.
- Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).
- Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.
- Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations.
- Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.
- Applying double standards by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.
- Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis.
- Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis.
- Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1
- Klaff, Lesley (2014). "Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism". Fathom Journal. https://fathomjournal.org/holocaust-inversion-and-contemporary-antisemitism. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- "Holocaust inversion is going mainstream". Jewish News Syndicate. August 15, 2024. https://www.jns.org/holocaust-inversion-is-going-mainstream. Retrieved October 24, 2024. "The point, of course, is to legitimize violence against Jews.".
- "Magnifying glass
Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 23, 2024.Those who hate Jews can no longer hide behind empty rhetoric
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
- Schäfer, Peter (October 1, 1998). Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674487789. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
- Hayes, Christine (1999). "Judeophobia: Peter Schäfer on the Origins of Anti-Semitism". Jewish Studies Quarterly. Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG. 6 (3): 261–273. JSTOR stable/40753239. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
- S. Wistrich, Robert (1999). Demonizing the other: Antisemitism, racism and xenophobia (PDF). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-51619-8. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
- Sand, Shlomo (November 24, 2020). "Opinion | Antisemitism? Better Call It Judeophobia". Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2020-11-24/ty-article-opinion/.premium/antisemitism-better-call-it-judeophobia/0000017f-e187-d75c-a7ff-fd8fb67f0000. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bard, Mitchell. "Anti-Semitism or Antisemitism?". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
- ↑ "Muslim-Western Tensions Persist - Pew Research Center". Washington, DC. 21 July 2011.
- ↑ http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013-discrimination-hate-crime-against-jews-eu-member-states_en.pdf
- ↑ "In First, New ADL Poll Finds Majority of Americans Concerned About Violence Against Jews and Other Minorities, Want Administration to Act". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ↑
- James Parkes, Prelude to Dialogue (London: 1969) p. 153; cited in Wilken, p. xv.
- Ritter, Adolf M. (1998). "John Chrysostom and the Jews — A Reconsideration". In Mgaloblishvili, Tamila (ed.). Ancient Christianity in the Caucasus. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315026954-11. ISBN 9781315026954.
- Brustein, Willian I. (2003). Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-521-77308-3.
- Levine, Amy-Jill; Brettler, Marc Zvi, eds. (2011). The Jewish Annotated New Testament. Oxford University Press.
- ↑
- "The resurrection of Christian antisemitism". The Jerusalem Post. 18 June 2020. https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/the-resurrection-of-christian-antisemitism-631109. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
- "Expelled Tory mayor 'said Jews were responsible for Jesus's death'". The Telegraph. February 15, 2024. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2024/02/15/tory-mayor-salisbury-atiqul-hoque-expelled-antisemitism. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
- "Radical Traditional Catholicism". Southern Poverty Law Center.
- ↑ The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics (PDF). Anti-Defamation League (ADL). 2003. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
- ↑
- Gerber, Gane S. (1986). History and hate: the dimensions of anti-Semitism. Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 88. ISBN 0827602677.
- Kelly, John (2005). The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time. HarperCollins. p. 242. ISBN 978-0060006921.
- "Iranian TV Blood Libel: Jewish Rabbis Killed Hundreds of European Children to use Their Blood for Passover Holiday & Discussion on Holocaust Denial". 22 December 2005. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011.
- ↑
- Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4619-9, pp. 103–6.
- "Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot'". World Jewish Congress.
- "Stalin's last purge: the Doctors' Plot". The Article. 23 May 2024.
- "A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory". The Forward. https://forward.com/culture/575235/zionist-doctors-plot-soviet-antisemitic-conspiracy.
- "American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim". Jewish News. https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/american-anti-racism-activist-condemned-over-terrified-about-zionist-doctors-claim.
- ↑ Láníček, Jan (2013). Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-31747-6.
- ↑ "Jewish 'Control' of the Federal Reserve: A Classic Anti-Semitic Myth". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ↑
- Boym, Svetlana (Spring 1999). "Conspiracy theories and literary ethics: Umberto Eco, Danilo Kis and The Protocols of Zion". Comparative Literature. 51 (2): 97–122. doi:10.2307/1771244. JSTOR 1771244.
- "The Myth that Jews Control the World". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
- S. Broschowitz, Michael (May 6, 2022). "The Violent Impact of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories: Examining the Jewish World Domination Narratives and History". Center on Terrorism, Extremism, and Counterterrorism. Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
- Alderman, G. (1983). The Jewish Community in British Politics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 102.
- ↑
- Herf, Jeffrey (2005). "The 'Jewish War': Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 19 (1): 51–80. doi:10.1093/hgs/dci003. S2CID 143944355.
- "Dissemination of racist and antisemitic hate material on television programs". domino.un.org. United Nations Economic and Social Council. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2005.
- Schwarz, Sidney (2006). Judaism and Justice: The Jewish Passion to Repair the World. Jewish Lights Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 1-58023-312-0.
- Mendes, Philip (2010). Debunking the myth of Jewish communism.
- ↑ Karsh, Efraim (July 2012). "The war against the Jews". Israel Affairs. 18 (3): 319–343. doi:10.1080/13537121.2012.689514. S2CID 144144725.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1
- "Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement" (PDF). Simon Wiesenthal Center. December 2022.
- "What are the Myths, Facts, About Hebrew Israelites? Two Experts Discuss Jews of African Descent". UC Davis. 4 January 2023.
- "CAA Launched Four-part "Debunked: Black Hebrew Israelites" Instagram Series". Campaign Against Antisemitism. 14 March 2023.
- ↑
- "Louis Farrakhan". Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). Retrieved October 27, 2024.
- "Black Radicalism". SAPIR Journal. 2024. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
Antisemitism runs deeper in the black radical tradition than many realize
- ↑
- "COVID-19: Blaming the Jews for the Plague, Again". Fathom Journal. March 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
- Dr. Manfred Gerstenfeld (31 March 2020). "Anti-Jewish Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories in Historical Context". Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
- "'Jewish Space Lasers': Rothschild antisemitic canards that refuse to die - review". The Jerusalem Post. 3 November 2023. https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-771415. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
