Chinese language
The Chinese language is the group of languages used by Chinese people in China and elsewhere. It forms part of a language family called the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.
| Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 汉语／漢語，华语／華語 or 中文 Hànyǔ, Huáyǔ or Zhōngwén | |
 Hànyǔ (Chinese) written in Hanzi | |
| Native to | People's Republic of China (PRC, commonly known as China), Republic of China (ROC, commonly known as Taiwan), Canada, Peru, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Indonesia, Mauritius, Australia, the United States, the Philippines and other places with Chinese communities |
| Native speakers | (1.2 billion cited 1984–2000)[1] |
| Language family | Sino-Tibetan
|
| Standard forms | |
| Dialects |
Wu (including Shanghainese)
Yue (including Cantonese-Taishanese)
Eastern Min (including Fuchow)
Southern Min (including Amoy, Taiwanese)
Teochew (including Swatow, Chaozhou, Jieyang, parts of Shanwei/Meizhou)
|
| Writing system | Chinese characters, zhuyin fuhao, pinyin, Xiao'erjing |
| Official status | |
| Official language in | 
 Brunei |
| Recognised minority language in |  United States (minority and auxiliary) Malaysia (minority and auxiliary) Philippines (minority and auxiliary) |
| Regulated by | In the PRC: National Commission on Language and Script Work[2] In the ROC: National Languages Committee In Singapore: Promote Mandarin Council/Speak Mandarin Campaign[3] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | zh |
| ISO 639-2 | chi (B) zho (T) |
| ISO 639-3 | zho – inclusive code Individual codes: cdo – Min Dong cjy – Jinyu cmn – Mandarin cpx – Pu Xian czh – Huizhou czo – Min Zhong gan – Gan hak – Hakka hsn – Xiang mnp – Min Bei nan – Min Nan wuu – Wu yue – Yue och – Old Chinese ltc – Late Middle Chinese lzh – Classical Chinese |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA |
 Map of the Sinophone world. Information: Countries identified Chinese as a primary, administrative or native language Countries with more than 5,000,000 Chinese speakers Countries with more than 1,000,000 Chinese speakers Countries with more than 500,000 Chinese speakers Countries with more than 100,000 Chinese speakers Major Chinese speaking settlements | |
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This article contains Chinese text. Without the correct software, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
| Chinese languages (Spoken) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 漢語 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 汉语 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Han language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese language (Written) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese | 中文 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Chinese text | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chinese includes many regional language varieties, the main ones being Mandarin, Wu, Yue and Min. These are not mutually intelligible[4] and many of the regional varieties are themselves a number of non-mutually-intelligible subvarieties.[5] As a result, many linguists refer to these varieties as separate languages.[6]
'Chinese' can refer to the written or the spoken languages. Although there are many spoken Chinese languages, they use the same writing system.[7] Differences in speaking are reflected in differences in writing. Official China adopts a similar policy to the one in the Soviet Union, using one official language so people can understand each other. The Standard Chinese language is referred to as Mandarin in English, "Pǔtōnghuà" or "common to everybody speech" in mainland China and "Guóyǔ" or "language of the whole country" in Taiwan. All official documents in Pinyin are written in Mandarin and Mandarin is taught all over China. It is also a standard for language teaching in some other countries.
Chinese is used by the Han people in China and other ethnic groups in China who are declared Chinese by the Chinese government. Many people in autonomous regions of China speak other languages. Chinese is almost always written in Chinese characters. They are symbols that have meaning, called logograms. They also give some indication of pronunciation, but the same character can get very different pronunciations among the different kinds of Chinese. Since Chinese characters have been around for at least 3500 years, people in places far from each other say them differently, just as "1, 2, 3" can be read differently in different languages.
Chinese people needed to write down pronunciations in dictionaries. Chinese does not have an alphabet, so how to write down sounds was a big problem in the beginning. Nowadays, the Mandarin language uses Hanyu Pinyin to represent the sounds in Roman letters.
All the Chinese languages (or dialects) use tones. This means that they use high and low pitches to help make differences in meaning clear.
Different languages or dialects of Chinese
The Chinese language is like a big tree. The base of the tree started thousands of years ago. It now has several main limbs. Some people call "just a branch" what other people call a main limb, so you can say there are six or seven main limbs. Each of these main limbs splits off into branches about the way there are branches of English spoken in Great Britain, the United States, Australia, India, and so forth. Just as the Romance languages all come from the area around Rome and are based on Latin, the Chinese languages all have some common source, so they keep many common things among them.
Here are the main seven main groups of languages/dialects of Chinese by size:
- Guan ("Northern" or Mandarin), 北方話/北方话 or 官話/官话 (about 850 million speakers),
- Wu, 吳/吴, which includes Shanghainese (about 90 million speakers),
- Yue (Cantonese), 粵/粤 (about 80 million speakers),
- Min (Hokkien, which includes Taiwanese), 閩/闽 (about 50 million speakers),
- Xiang, 湘 (about 35 million speakers),
- Hakka, 客家 or 客 or "guest family" speech (about 35 million speakers),
- Gan, 贛/赣 (about 20 million speakers)
Traditional and simplified characters
In 1956, the government of the People's Republic of China made public a set of simplified Chinese characters to make learning, reading and writing the Chinese language easier. In Mainland China and Singapore, people use these simpler characters. In Hong Kong, Taiwan and other places where they speak Chinese, people still use the more traditional characters. The Korean language also uses Chinese characters to represent certain words. The Japanese language uses them even more often. These characters are known in Korean as Hanja and in Japanese as Kanji.
A Chinese person with a good education today knows 6,000-7,000 characters. About 3,000 Chinese characters are needed to read a Mainland newspaper. However, people who have learned only the 400 most frequently used characters can read a newspaper—but they will have to guess some less-used words.
Examples
Here are some samples of some words and sentences in Mandarin Chinese. Simplified Characters are on the left, and Traditional characters are on the right. The pronunciation is given in the pinyin system, which may not always be as simple as it looks for those who have not studied it.
The Traditional Characters are now used in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Chinese from Mainland China uses the Simplified Characters, but may recognize Traditional Characters.
Before 1956, Chinese was written using only Traditional Characters. At that time, most Chinese people could not read or write at all. The government of the People's Republic of China thought that the Traditional characters were very hard to understand. They also thought that if they made the characters simpler, more people could learn how to read and write. Today, many people in China can read and write with the new Simplified Characters.
| Word | Pinyin | Simplified | Traditional |
|---|---|---|---|
| How are you? | Nǐ hǎo ma? | 你好吗？ | 你好嗎？ |
| What is your name? | Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi? | 你叫什么名字？ | 你叫什麽名字？ |
| America | Měiguó | 美国 | 美國 |
| France | Fǎguó | 法国 | 法國 |
| Britain | Yīngguó | 英国 | 英國 |
| Germany | Déguó | 德国 | 德國 |
| Russia | Éguó | 俄国 | 俄國 |
| Thailand | Tàiguó | 泰国 | 泰國 |
| Poland | Bōlán | 波兰 | 波蘭 |
| Japan | Rìbĕn | 日本 | 日本 |
| Pakistan | Bājīsītǎn | 巴基斯坦 | 巴基斯坦 |
Chinese Language Media
After applying the linguistic comparative method to the database of comparative linguistic data developed by Laurent Sagart in 2019 to identify sound correspondences and establish cognates, phylogenetic methods are used to infer relationships among these languages and estimate the age of their origin and homeland.[8]
The Tripitaka Koreana, a Korean collection of the Chinese Buddhist canon
Range of Chinese dialect groups in China Mainland and Taiwan according to the Language Atlas of China[9]
永 (meaning "forever") is often used to illustrate the eight basic types of strokes of Chinese characters.
"National language" (國語/国语; Guóyǔ) written in Traditional and Simplified Chinese characters, followed by various romanizations.
Yang Lingfu, former curator of the National Museum of China, giving Chinese language instruction at the Civil Affairs Staging Area in 1945.
Related pages
References
- ↑ Chinese language at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
- ↑ china-language.gov.cn Archived 2015-12-18 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese)
- ↑ "Speak Mandarin Campaign". Retrieved 2011-08-09.
- ↑ This means a speaker from one region cannot understand a speaker from another region, unless they have also learnt that language.
- ↑ Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (2003). The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Psychology Press. pp. 72–83. ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.
- ↑ DeFrancis, John (1986). The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1068-9.
- ↑ European languages similarly all use an alphabetic script.
- ↑ Sagart et al. (2019), pp. 10319–10320.
- ↑ Wurm et al. (1987).
Other websites
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This language has its own Wikipedia project. See the Chinese language edition. |
- Chinese Flashcard Website Learn Chinese Online
- I Love Chinese Learning Chinese Magazine
- Learn Chinese Archived 2021-09-19 at the Wayback Machine Free Chinese Learning Lessons and mp3
- Free Chinese Character Input Software Archived 2008-05-07 at the Wayback Machine Google Pinyin Input Software
- Chinese Pinyin Archived 2021-09-01 at the Wayback Machine a brief introduction to standard Chinese phonetic system
- Day Day Up Chinese Archived 2009-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Online Chinese textbook
- Direct method of learning Chinese—no English translation. A wok is just a wok.
- Study More Chinese Archived 2012-05-22 at the Wayback Machine social network for Mandarin learners with videos, blogs, forum.
- iChineseLearning A site for learning Chinese through skype Chinese lessons.